Cell signaling The Endocrine System

Cell communication Animals use two body systems for regulation Endocrine system of glands, secrete chemicals into blood chemicals travel to target tissue, which has receptor proteins slow, long-lasting response Nervous System of neurons. transmits “electrical” signal & releases neurotransmitters to target tissue. fast, short-lasting response Animals use two body systems for regulation Endocrine system of glands, secrete chemicals into blood chemicals travel to target tissue, which has receptor proteins slow, long-lasting response Nervous System of neurons. transmits “electrical” signal & releases neurotransmitters to target tissue. fast, short-lasting response

Regulation by chemical messengers Neurotransmitters released by neurons. Hormones released by endocrine glands. Neurotransmitters released by neurons. Hormones released by endocrine glands.

function of hormones Why are hormones needed? Chemical messages from one body part to another communication coordinates whole body daily homeostasis & regulation of large scale changes solute levels in blood (glucose, Ca++, salts, etc.) metabolism growth development maturation reproduction Why are hormones needed? Chemical messages from one body part to another communication coordinates whole body daily homeostasis & regulation of large scale changes solute levels in blood (glucose, Ca++, salts, etc.) metabolism growth development maturation reproduction

Nervous & endocrine systems work together The endocrine and nervous systems overlap Neurosecretory cells : nerve cells specialized to release hormones ( neurohormones ) Found in the hypothalamus Some signal molecules act as both neurotransmitters and hormones epinephrine : you know about liver cells’ response to this hormones: break glycogen down into glucose The endocrine and nervous systems overlap Neurosecretory cells : nerve cells specialized to release hormones ( neurohormones ) Found in the hypothalamus Some signal molecules act as both neurotransmitters and hormones epinephrine : you know about liver cells’ response to this hormones: break glycogen down into glucose

nervous & endocrine work together Hypothalamus- Integrates nervous & endocrine Receives information (nervous) Regulates release of hormones from pituitary (endocrine) Pituitary- Master gland Endocrine System secretes a broad range of tropic hormones Hypothalamus- Integrates nervous & endocrine Receives information (nervous) Regulates release of hormones from pituitary (endocrine) Pituitary- Master gland Endocrine System secretes a broad range of tropic hormones hypothalamus pituitary posterior anterior

nervous & endocrine work together 2 lobes make up the pituitary gland Posterior pituitary Stores hormones produced by hypothalamus ADH, oxytocin 2 lobes make up the pituitary gland Posterior pituitary Stores hormones produced by hypothalamus ADH, oxytocin Axons carrying neurohormones to p.p.

nervous & endocrine work together Anterior pituitary Produces many different hormones Regulated by hypothalamus (releases both stimulating and inhibiting hormones) Neurosecretory cells (yellow) release hormones (pink) into capillaries Carried to anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Produces many different hormones Regulated by hypothalamus (releases both stimulating and inhibiting hormones) Neurosecretory cells (yellow) release hormones (pink) into capillaries Carried to anterior pituitary

hypothalamus anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones: follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) posterior pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) oxytocin prolactin (PRL) growth hormone (GH) Kidney tubules Muscles of uterus Muscles of uterus Tropic Hormones: target endocrine glands Mammary glands Ovaries Testes Bone and muscle Liver Adrenal gland Thyroid

maintaining homeostasis hormone 1 lowers body condition hormone 2 gland specific body condition raises body condition Negative Feedback Negative Feedback Too Low Too High gland

Regulation of blood sugar liver pancreas liver pancreas Insulin Glucagon Blood Sugar Level Too Low Too High body cells take up sugar from blood liver, muscle stores glycogen reduces appetite liver, muscles release glucose triggers hunger

regulating metabolism Hypothalamus produces TRH TRH = TSH-releasing hormone Anterior Pituitary releases TSH TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone Thyroid produces thyroxine hormones metabolism & development bone growth mental development metabolic use of energy blood pressure, heart rate muscle tone digestion reproduction Hypothalamus produces TRH TRH = TSH-releasing hormone Anterior Pituitary releases TSH TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone Thyroid produces thyroxine hormones metabolism & development bone growth mental development metabolic use of energy blood pressure, heart rate muscle tone digestion reproduction

goiter Iodine deficiency causes thyroid to enlarge as it tries to produce T3 and T4 ✗

regulation of blood calcium Calcitonin Parathyroid Hormone Blood Calcium Level Too Low Too High ↓ kidney reabsorption of Ca ++ Ca ++ deposited in bones bones release Ca ++ ↑ kidney reabsorption of Ca ++ Thyroid Parathyroid

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Activity: concept mapping homeostasis calcitonin PTH auxins gibberellin receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction amplification neurotransmitter hormone paracrine endocrine homeostasis calcitonin PTH auxins gibberellin receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction amplification neurotransmitter hormone paracrine endocrine ligand receptor kinase G-protein insulin glucagon hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary tropic hormone negative feedback ligand receptor kinase G-protein insulin glucagon hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary tropic hormone negative feedback