1. Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System
By: Taylor Schwanzer

2. What is the Endocrine System?
Hormone - Secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning
Endocrine System - The internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones
Target Cells are those cells equipped to respond to hormones
Endocrine glands which are hormone-secreting organs
Neurosecretory cells secrete hormones into the blood

3. Signaling Molecules
Hormones: send regulatory messages throughout the body in extracellular fluid
Endocrine signaling
Local Regulators - cells adjacent to or near point of secretion
Neurotransmitters
Cytokines and growth factors
Nitric oxide
Prostaglandins - help regulate the aggregation of platelets
Paracrine Signaling
Autocrine Signaling
Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones
Neuroendocrine Signaling
Synaptic Signaling
Pheromones

4. Chemical Classes of Hormones

5. Cellular Response Pathways
Water-Soluble Hormones
Lipid-Soluble Hormones
Multiple Effects of Hormones on target cells that have:
Different receptors for the hormone
Different signal transduction pathways
Different proteins for carrying out the response

6. Simple Hormone Pathways
Simple Endocrine Pathway
Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent)
Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent)
Positive Feedback

7. Coordination of the Endocrine and Nervous Systems
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Oxytocin
Antideuretic hormone (ADH)
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Each hypothalamic hormone is either a releasing or inhibiting hormone
Hormone Cascade Pathway
Tropic Hormones
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Nontropic Hormones
Prolactin (PRL)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Growth Hormones (GH)
Hormone Cascade Pathway

8. Endocrine Glands Thyroid Gland
Control of Metabolism and Development and Homeostasis
Thyroid Hormone: Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
Parathyroid Gland and Vitamin D
Control of Blood Calcium
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

9. Endocrine Glands Cont. Adrenal Gland Response to Stress
Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines: Epinephrine and Norpinephrine
Adrenal Cortex
Corticosteroids: Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Biorhythms
Gonads
Sex Hormones
Androgens
Testosterone
Estrogens
Estradiol
Progestins
Progesterone

10. Major Human Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones

11. Major Human Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones Cont.

12. Sources http://www.hormone.org/Endo101/gland_diagram.cfm