1

Efficient trigger for many B decay topologies Muon System CALORIMETERS PRS + ECAL+ HCAL RICH1 VERTEX LOCATOR Efficient PID Good decay time resolution Magnet Good tracking and mass resolution RICH2 Trigger Tracker Inner and Outer Trackers Inner and Outer Trackers Beam 1 Beam 2 2

… cm 2 s cm 2 s cm 2 s -1 LS1 LS2 3fb – 7 TeV 5-7 fb fb – 14 TeV 50 ns 25 ns 1 MHz 40 MHz L ∫L Beam Energy Bunch Spacing L0 rate After LS2,  High occupancy in the central region requires new detectors technology and granularity  Silicon detectors with embedded r-o electronics must be replaced After LS2,  High occupancy in the central region requires new detectors technology and granularity  Silicon detectors with embedded r-o electronics must be replaced

4 2 x ~3 m 2 x ~ 2.5 m readout Silicon strips Straw Tubes Scintillating Fibers + SiPM (An hybrid version combining Scintillating fibers and Straw Tube is also considered) 3 stations of X-U-V-X scintillating fibre planes (≤5°).=> 12 planes Every plane is made of 5 layers of Ø250  m fibres, 2.5 m long. Symmetry around y=0 Read out by SiPM outside acceptance Minimize the dose to read-out electronics and dead materials in the acceptance.

5 Npe SiPM array 1 SiPM channel Resolution (c.o.g.) um Double cladded scint. fibres, e.g. Kuraray SCSF-78, Ø 250 um

6 Scintillating Fibers and SiPM already been used in HEP but:  not for read out of 2.5m SciFi  not in high radiation environment. Main Challenges  Radiation hardness of SiPM (increase of dark current with radiation)  Radiation hardness of Fibers (decrease of light yield and attenuation length)  LHC environment (25 ns), high occupancy and background  Detector geometry and integration in existing experiment.

7  Max dose to fibers 35 kGy (err 8%)  Dose distribution strongly peaked around the beam pipe  Dose to the SiPM: ( MeV n eq)  Max dose to fibers 35 kGy (err 8%)  Dose distribution strongly peaked around the beam pipe  Dose to the SiPM: ( MeV n eq) FLUKA simulation for 50 fb-1 integrated luminosity Gy/collision

8 Irradiation performed at CERN and Karlruhe, up to ~60k Gy  Attenuation length decreases with absorbed dose  Logarithmic dependence (effect observed already at low dose)  Attenuation length decreases with absorbed dose  Logarithmic dependence (effect observed already at low dose)

9C. Joram / CERN9 Reflectivity Aluminized mylar foil 3M ESR foilAluminium thin film coating Two samples of each type Cheapest and technically simplest solution gives the best result. Mirror

10 Non-irradiated fibers Irradiated fibers (50 fb-1 eq.) With Mirror Without Mirror Relative photon yield vs distance from SiPM

11 In UX85 – LHCb cavern: Cooled vs non cooled SiPM Radiation hardness studies and simulation have shown that SiPM shall be cooled down to ~-40C to operate smoothly over the entire LHCb upgrade ( MeV n eq.) Radiation hardness studies and simulation have shown that SiPM shall be cooled down to ~-40C to operate smoothly over the entire LHCb upgrade ( MeV n eq.) Dark Current Time Observation:  Dark current increase with absorbed dose  Possible annealing effect  SiPM dark current is reduced by a factor ~2/8C

SiPM arraysScintillating FibersCooling pipe Cooling SiPM to -40 C Many configuration envisaged to optimize heat transfers

 Heat load dominated by incoming heat transfer (SiPM power < 2w/module)  Insulation thickness defined by dew point in LHCb cavern (<10- 12C)  Heat load estimated to 5-10 Watt per module of 53 cm  Heat load dominated by incoming heat transfer (SiPM power < 2w/module)  Insulation thickness defined by dew point in LHCb cavern (<10- 12C)  Heat load estimated to 5-10 Watt per module of 53 cm

Thermal mock-up for 16 SiPM arrays C3F8 2 phase cooling tests (in collab. with CTU Prague) Also considering 2-phase C2F6, blends Single phase (Air, C6F14..) CO2 Thermo electric Also considering 2-phase C2F6, blends Single phase (Air, C6F14..) CO2 Thermo electric

15 Semi-Manual technique

16 LHCb Fiber ribbon assembly device being constructed at TU Dortmund – technique developped for PEBS at RWTH Aachen LHCb Fiber ribbon assembly device being constructed at TU Dortmund – technique developped for PEBS at RWTH Aachen Automated Technique

17 Automated Technique Winding wheel Fiber supply Groove to drive the fiber OK Positioning precision <20  m RMS OK Positioning precision <20  m RMS Not OK Faulty 4 th layer Not OK Faulty 4 th layer

18 SciFi modules 1-3 VELO telescope SciFi Irradiated module 2 SiPM temperature control SciFi long module GOALS Test of irradiated vs non-irradiated module (SiPM and Fibers) Effect of temperature on SiPM noise. Comparison KETEK vs Hamamatsu Effect of mirror Nov. 2012

19 Nov  Comparison of Hamamatsu and KETEK photon yield  With mirror / without mirror at the far end  Comparison of Hamamatsu and KETEK photon yield  With mirror / without mirror at the far end  Mirror do improve the light yield from the far end  Significant differences are observed between different manufacturer. Improvements expected from both manufacturers  Mirror do improve the light yield from the far end  Significant differences are observed between different manufacturer. Improvements expected from both manufacturers

20  There is no adequate SiPM readout chip available on the market  Need to develop a new analog readout optimized for 40MHz  There is no adequate SiPM readout chip available on the market  Need to develop a new analog readout optimized for 40MHz  Design choices depend on SiPM response, occupancy distributions, light propagation times  Options with part of the ASIC functionality transferred to FPGAs (more flexibility, cost?, radiation?) are also being studied  Design choices depend on SiPM response, occupancy distributions, light propagation times  Options with part of the ASIC functionality transferred to FPGAs (more flexibility, cost?, radiation?) are also being studied

LS1 LS2 R&D Demo- Modules Demo- Modules Detector components series production Detector components series production Assembly of Stations Assembly of Stations Tooling Pre-module production Tooling Pre-module production Assembly of modules Dismantling of IT and OT detectors Install Stations Install Services Power, cooling, shielding Install Services Power, cooling, shielding Metrology and alignment Commissioning 18 month