Welcome

Advanced Organizer Read the chapter first Have access to the supplemental materials in Blackboard

Theory Basics Explains/predicts behavior Plan interventions Evaluating theory Parsimony, clear hypotheses, generates research See handout “Evaluating Theories” in Blackboard

Trait/Factor Theories Parsons/Williamson Holland’s RIASEC Theory Person-Environment Correspondence Theory Brown’s Values Theory Cognitive Information Processing Theory

Parsons’ Theory: Three components to career choice Knowledge About Self Knowledge About Options True Reasoning

Williamson: Types of Career Problems Uncertainty No choice Discrepancy between interests and abilities Unwise

Williamson’s 6 Stages Analysis (data) Synthesis (strengths/weaknesses) Diagnosis (problem/cause) Prognosis (chance of success?) Counseling Follow-Up

Which Type? How Would you Counsel? Andy is very interested in being an accountant. However, he keeps failing the CPA exam, even after hiring multiple tutors. Carol has changed her major 6 times, doesn’t want to make a “bad” choice again so is delaying until summer to choose. Ben is having difficulty narrowing down his career options. Ellen wants to be a doctor because “they make a lot of $, everyone respects you, and it will make my parents so proud.” Options: Uncertain Discrepancy No choice Unwise

Which Type? How Would you Counsel? Andy is very interested in being an accountant. However, he keeps failing the CPA exam, even after hiring multiple tutors. Carol has changed her major 6 times, doesn’t want to make a “bad” choice again so is delaying until summer to choose. Ben is having difficulty narrowing down his career options. Ellen wants to be a doctor because “they make a lot of $, everyone respects you, and it will make my parents so proud.” Discrepancy No choice Uncertain Unwise

Holland’s RIASEC theory

RIASEC THEORY Basic Assumptions: 6 types of personalities Realistic Investigative Basic Assumptions: 6 types of personalities 6 types of “environments” We seek for environments that will allow us to express our main personality. Behavior is predictable. Consistency, congruency 6 types, 6 environments consistency, congruence, vocational identity Conventional Artistic Enterprising Social

Person-Environment Correspondence (PEC) Theory Dawis and Lofquist P-E interaction Basic idea: I must meet work demands, work must meet my demands

Consider... A job I loved A job I hated What aspects did you love? What aspects did you hate or not care for? Employer reinforcers? What do these suggest about your needs and reinforcers? 13

Potential Occupational Reinforcers PEC MODEL Individual Needs Abilities Potential Occupational Reinforcers (working conditions) Job Requirements Not Satisfactory Dissatisfaction Satisfaction Satisfactoriness ????? ??? ???

Potential Occupational Reinforcers PEC MODEL Individual Needs Abilities Potential Occupational Reinforcers (working conditions) Job Requirements Not Satisfactory Dissatisfaction Satisfaction Satisfactoriness TENURED FIRED QUIT

Brown’s Value Based Theory Most important element in career choice? Crystallization Can you label it? Apply it to behavior? Culture based Individual values and employer values may differ

Cognitive Information Processing Pyramid of Information Processing Domains (Understanding What’s Involved in A Career Choice) Executive Processing Domain Meta-cognitions Decision-Making Skills Domain CASVE Cycle Self Knowledge Occupational Knowledge Knowledge Domains

CASVE Cycle Communication Identifying the problem - the gap Execution Taking action to narrow the gap Analysis Thinking about alternatives Valuing Prioritizing alternatives Synthesis Generating likely alternatives

Readiness Model Complexity (high) _____ readiness __________ readiness (low) Capability (low) (high)

Readiness Model Complexity (high) Low readiness Moderate readiness Moderate readiness High readiness (low) Capability (low) (high)

Summary T/F theories are helpful for making a current career decision Most are well-researched and continue to generate research Very useful for career planning, goal setting, next steps