Sample Dimensions 17mm x 6.5mm x 1mm Inlet Outlet Moving posts Fixed posts Direction of linear motion

0.25 inches IN during 0.5 sec0.25 inches OUT during 0.5 sec Nature of Specimen deformation Forward Backward Actuator Forward Backward 1 Hz frequency Straight

An Ansys user defined function utilized 250 b and c values to capture sample parabolic bending. t=0 t=0.25 sec t=0.5 sec 250 axial displacements For half a cycle Moving post Fixed post Sample length = 17mm at each axial displacement Straight Semi-bent Fully-bent Using 250 values for the nonlinear constant “c” were obtained direction of actuator displacement

t =0 sect =1 sec t =0.75 sec t =0.5 sec t =0.25 sec t =0 sect =0.5 sec Structured mesh:441,370 elements; 472,728 nodes Outer wall Inner wall

Case 1 Case 2Case 3Case 4 control Flexure-aloneFlow-aloneFlex-flow FlowLaminar Flow Tube walls No slip conditions No slip conditions No slip conditions No slip conditions Sample wallsVel = Grid velocity Inlet Plug velocity 0 Plug velocity 0 Plug velocity m/s* Plug velocity m/s * Outlet Outlet-Relative Pressure = 0 Pa Convergence1x10 -9