REVIEW Three Worlds Meet

Political Developments Technological Changes Motivations Obstacles American Indian cultures Human/Environment Interactions Eastern Woodland Peoples Regions of Africa West African cultures Beginnings of slavery Three Worlds Meet ENCOUNTERS Cultural Differences Different Perspectives Consequences EXCHANGES Goods People Ideas Diseases Consequences

Colonization and Settlement

Geography Connections

ThemeQuestions Location Where is it?  What is its absolute location?  What is its relative location? Place What is it like there?  What are its natural characteristics?  What are its human characteristics? Human/Environment Interaction How do people interact with the environment?  How have people used the environment?  How have people adapted to the environment?  How have people modified or changed the environment? Movement How is the place connected to other places?  How and why have people, goods, and ideas moved in and out of the place? Regions How might common geographic characteristics help us understand this place?  How can the place be divided into regions?  To what regions does the place belong?

Europe

Primary Source We soon realized that the sea was not man’s natural habitat. Everyone became so seasick that nothing in the world could induce us to move from the spot where we lay. A more befouled hospital and one so filled with the moans of the sick can hardly be imagined. Some sufferers were cooked alive in the heat below deck. The sun roasted others lying about the deck, where they were trod upon and trampled, and where they were so filthy that words cannot describe the scene. A ship is a very narrow and stout prison from which no one can escape. Closely crowded in cramped quarters, heat and suffocation are unbearable. The deck floor is usually one’s bed. And though some passengers brought soft mats, ours were small, hard and thinly stuffed with dog hair.

Written by a priest named Father Tomas de la Torre in It describes his journey across the Atlantic when he came to live in what had become New Spain in North America. People who came to settle in the Americas usually experienced a similar journey. They were also headed to an area they knew little about. If the journey was so difficult and uncomfortable… why did people go?

PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS

Reasons people left Europe and settled in the Americas PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS

Connecting Back: Christopher Columbus Consequence: Spanish Colonization

Settlers first came to the islands of the Caribbean where they searched for gold. As the supply of gold was exhausted, settlers began to farm cash crops such as sugar cane. From the islands, settlements moved to the mainland where Spanish communities grew. These communities included large ranches and plantations as well as mines. The mines and plantations required many workers so the Spanish began to use Native Americans as slaves. More and more Native American workers died from disease, hunger, and overwork. The Spanish killed many enslaved Native Americans when they fought for their freedom. The Spanish began to use enslaved Africans to work in the mines and plantations. Thousands of people from West Africa were forced to go to New Spain. Many Spanish people grew wealthy in New Spain. Shiploads of gold, silver, and other treasures were sent back to Spain as well as crops such as sugar and tobacco.

PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS Spanish settlers came from a country where good land was scarce and most people had little or no chance of owning their own farm. Many people in Spain were poor and had little chance of changing their situation. There had been a series of poor harvests, famines and plagues in Spain. Taxes were high. The silver and gold of New Spain drew settlers hoping to become wealthy. Land was available in New Spain. Catholic missionaries were drawn to New Spain hoping to serve God there by converting the Native Americans to their religion.

Other European countries become very interested in beginning their own settlements in North America. The French tried to settle along the northern coast of what is now Florida in the early 1560s. The Spanish saw this as a threat and destroyed the colony in 1565.

Casillo de San Marcos – St. Augustine (1565)

TCI Connection: Chapter 5

Cause Effect EVENT New Spain grows and develops. Gold and silver attracted Spanish settlers to New Spain. The lack of land pushed settlers to New Spain. Both Native Americans and Africans were enslaved by the Spanish. Other countries begin to compete for their own colonies in North America.

What would Spain need to do in order to effectively claim land in the Americas? Spain needed to take the land away from Native Americans who lived there. Spain needed to get settlers to move from Spain to its new lands in the Americas. Spain needed to build settlements and forts to protect its newly claimed land.

St. Augustine was built originally with a wooden fort. It served as a base for a long chain of missions that branched along the coast and into the interior. St. Augustine also grew as a trade center. The Spanish realized that wooden forts often burned or were washed away by storms. Since the French and English were still a threat in the area, the settlers decided to build a stone fort at St. Augustine. This fort, the Castillo de San Marcos, was begun in 1672 and finished in 1695.