The Respiratory System Hailee and Jordan

Key Terms  Alveolus  Bronchial tree  Bronchopulmonary segment  External respiration  Internal respiration  Respiratory membrane  Surfactant  Ventilation  Alveolus  Bronchial tree  Bronchopulmonary segment  External respiration  Internal respiration  Respiratory membrane  Surfactant  Ventilation

Terms Defined  Alveolus  a small cavity, pit, or hollow, in particular  Bronchial tree  the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs  Bronchopulmonary segment  A subdivision of one lobe of a lung based on the connection to the segmental bronchus  Ex: the right upper lobe has apical, anterior, and posterior segments  External respiration  exchange of gases between the external environment and a distributing system of the animal body or between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood  Alveolus  a small cavity, pit, or hollow, in particular  Bronchial tree  the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs  Bronchopulmonary segment  A subdivision of one lobe of a lung based on the connection to the segmental bronchus  Ex: the right upper lobe has apical, anterior, and posterior segments  External respiration  exchange of gases between the external environment and a distributing system of the animal body or between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood

Terms Defined Cont.  Internal respiration  the exchange of gases between the cells of the body and the blood by way of the fluid bathing the cells  Respiratory membrane  includes the alveolar epithelial cells as well as the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells  Surfactant  a substance that tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved  Ventilation  the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air  Internal respiration  the exchange of gases between the cells of the body and the blood by way of the fluid bathing the cells  Respiratory membrane  includes the alveolar epithelial cells as well as the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells  Surfactant  a substance that tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved  Ventilation  the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air

Vocabulary  Alveoli  Bicarbonate ions  Diaphragm  External respiration  Oxyhemoglobin  Pleura  Stretch receptors  Surfactant  Tidal volume  Trachea  Alveoli  Bicarbonate ions  Diaphragm  External respiration  Oxyhemoglobin  Pleura  Stretch receptors  Surfactant  Tidal volume  Trachea

Voab Defined  Alveoli  Tiny air sacs in the lungs  Bicarbonate ions  Form in which most carbon dioxide is transported  Diaphragm  Primary muscle inspiration  External respiration  Exchange of gases between air and blood  Alveoli  Tiny air sacs in the lungs  Bicarbonate ions  Form in which most carbon dioxide is transported  Diaphragm  Primary muscle inspiration  External respiration  Exchange of gases between air and blood

Vocab Defined Cont.  Oxyhemoglobin  Form in which most oxygen is transported  Pleura  Serous membrane around the lungs  Stretch receptors  Initiate the Hering-Breuer reflex  Surfactant  Reduces surface tension inside alveoli  Oxyhemoglobin  Form in which most oxygen is transported  Pleura  Serous membrane around the lungs  Stretch receptors  Initiate the Hering-Breuer reflex  Surfactant  Reduces surface tension inside alveoli

Vocab Defined Cont.  Tidal volume  Air exchanged in normal quiet breathing  Trachea  Supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage  Tidal volume  Air exchanged in normal quiet breathing  Trachea  Supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage

Functions and Overview of Respiration  Respiration is the sequence of events that results in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells  Every 3 to 5 seconds nerve impulses stimulate the breathing processes, or ventilation  The entire process of respiration includes ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases, internal respiration, and cellular respiration  Respiration is the sequence of events that results in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells  Every 3 to 5 seconds nerve impulses stimulate the breathing processes, or ventilation  The entire process of respiration includes ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases, internal respiration, and cellular respiration

Ventilation  Ventilation (breathing) is the movement of air through the conducting passages between the atmosphere and the lungs  Air moves through the passages because of pressure gradients that are produced by contraction of the diaphragm and thoracic muscles  Ventilation (breathing) is the movement of air through the conducting passages between the atmosphere and the lungs  Air moves through the passages because of pressure gradients that are produced by contraction of the diaphragm and thoracic muscles

Gas Laws and Respiration  The diffusion of gases from the alveoli to the blood (external respiration) and from the blood to the tissues (internal respiration) depends on two fundamental properties of gases which are known as Daltons law of pressures and Henry’s law  Dalton’s law of pressures  Total pressure is exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum  P gas1 + P gas2 + P gas3 + P gas4 = P total  P= Pressure  Henry’s law  When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to its own solubility and partial pressure  The diffusion of gases from the alveoli to the blood (external respiration) and from the blood to the tissues (internal respiration) depends on two fundamental properties of gases which are known as Daltons law of pressures and Henry’s law  Dalton’s law of pressures  Total pressure is exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum  P gas1 + P gas2 + P gas3 + P gas4 = P total  P= Pressure  Henry’s law  When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas dissolves in the liquid in proportion to its own solubility and partial pressure

Transport of Gases  The blood transports the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the lungs and tissue cells  Approximately 3% of the oxygen is transported as a dissolved gas in the plasma. The remaining percent is carried by hemoglobin molecules  The blood transports the respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the lungs and tissue cells  Approximately 3% of the oxygen is transported as a dissolved gas in the plasma. The remaining percent is carried by hemoglobin molecules

Regulation of Respiration  The basic breathing rate is established by the respiratory center in the brain stem but environmental conditions and emotions include variations in the rate  The respiratory center includes groups of neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons  Although the respiratory center establishes the basic rhythm of breathing, it’s influenced by factors that cause variations in the rate and depth of breathing  The basic breathing rate is established by the respiratory center in the brain stem but environmental conditions and emotions include variations in the rate  The respiratory center includes groups of neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons  Although the respiratory center establishes the basic rhythm of breathing, it’s influenced by factors that cause variations in the rate and depth of breathing

Recall Definitions 1.Tiny air sacs in the lungs 2.Exchange of gases between air and blood 3.Reduces surface tension inside alveoli 4.Supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage 5.Serous membrane around the lungs 6.Primary muscle inspiration 7.Air exchanged in normal quiet breathing 8.Form in which most oxygen is transported 9.Form in which most carbon dioxide is transported 10.Initiate the Hering-Breuer reflex Terms A.Alveoli B.Bicarbonate ions C.Diaphragm D.External respiration E.Oxyhemoglobin F.Pleura G.Stretch receptors H.Surfactant I.Tidal volume J.Trachea

Recall Answers Definitions 1.Tiny air sacs in the lungs 2.Exchange of gases between air and blood 3.Reduces surface tension inside alveoli 4.Supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage 5.Serous membrane around the lungs 6.Primary muscle inspiration 7.Air exchanged in normal quiet breathing 8.Form in which most oxygen is transported 9.Form in which most carbon dioxide is transported 10.Initiate the Hering-Breuer reflex Terms A.Alveoli B.Bicarbonate ions C.Diaphragm D.External respiration E.Oxyhemoglobin F.Pleura G.Stretch receptors H.Surfactant I.Tidal volume J.Trachea