Aquatic Biodiversity G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 7 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 7

Key Concepts  Factors that influence aquatic systems  Saltwater life zones  Freshwater life zones  Human activities that affect aquatic systems

Aquatic Environments: Types, Components, and Limiting Factors  Marine systems  Freshwater systems  Plankton  Nekton  Benthos  Euphotic zone  Dissolved oxygen Fig. 7-2 p. 128

Saltwater Life Zones  Coastal zone  Estuaries  Coastal wetlands  Mangroves  Intertidal zones  Barrier islands

 Estuaries

Ocean Zones Fig. 7-6 p. 131

Coral Reefs Fig p. 136

Ocean warming Soil erosion Algae growth from fertilizer runoff Mangrove destruction Coral reef bleaching Rising sea levels Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers Natural Capital Degradation Coral Reefs

Marine Ecosystems Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed Natural Capital Degradation

Freshwater Life Zones  Standing water  Flowing water Fig p. 139

Freshwater Systems Ecological Services Economic Services Climate moderation Nutrient cycling Waste treat- ment and dilution Flood control Groundwater recharge Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial species Genetic resources and bio- diversity Scientific information Food Drinking water Irrigation water Hydroelectricity Transportation corridors Recreation Employment Natural Capital

Smelt Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers

Types of Lakes: Oligotrophic Fig. 7-17a, p. 139

Types of Lakes: Eutrophic Fig. 7-17b, p. 139

Life Zones in Lakes  Littoral zone  Limnetic zone  Profundal zone  Benthic zone  Littoral zone  Limnetic zone  Profundal zone  Benthic zone

Stream Systems  Runoff  Watershed  Drainage basin  Floodplain Fig p. 140

Wetlands  Importance of Wetlands  Types:  Marshes  Swamps  Prairie Potholes  Floodplain  Tundra  Seasonal  Importance of Wetlands  Types:  Marshes  Swamps  Prairie Potholes  Floodplain  Tundra  Seasonal

Human Impacts on Wetlands and Streams  Dams, diversions and canals  Flood control levees and dikes  Pollution and Eutrophication  Wetland destruction  Dams, diversions and canals  Flood control levees and dikes  Pollution and Eutrophication  Wetland destruction

Click to view animation. Ocean provinces interaction. Animation

Click to view animation. Lake zonation interaction. Animation

Click to view animation. Lake turnover interaction. Animation

Click to view animation. Trophic nature of lakes interaction. Animation