Educational Leadership and Planning for Technology Chapter 7 – Data Communications, the Internet, and Educational Applications Dr. Anthony G. Picciano

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PowerPoint Outline Data Communications in Schools Simple Local Area Network Wide Area Network The Internet The World Wide Web Protocols and Client Servers Applications on the Internet Multimedia and the Web The Internet and Education

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Data Communications in Schools Data communications are the methods and media used to transfer data from one computer device to another. Communications can refer to local area networks wide area networks the “network” of all networks (the Internet)

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Simple Local Area Network

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Wide Area Networks

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Internet

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Internet The Internet is an international computer network consisting of hundreds of thousands of smaller networks that link schools, colleges, government agencies, research organizations, and private businesses through satellites and other high-speed data communications facilities. Through the Internet, users can transfer and receive data by integrating communications, media, and computer technology in one common, world-wide network.

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Internet History – Its roots go back to the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s. Present – The number of Internet users doubles every 5 to 6 months. The Future – Although attempts have been made to impose rules and regulations on the Internet, it currently has few rules and little formal administration.

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The World Wide Web The World Wide Web is a software system that introduced hypertext and multimedia capabilities to the Internet. The Web originated in the early 1990s at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Switzerland. It was designed to provide hypertext and full multimedia support in a relatively easy-to-use language for physicists and other scientists using the Internet.

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Protocols and Client Servers Protocol means the rules, procedures, or standards that are used in exchanging data in a data communications system. The Internet established a standard protocol for all its activity called transmission control protocol/ Internet protocol (TCP/IP). The World Wide Web’s data transfer method (or protocol), called hypertext transfer protocol (http). Http was designed to run “over” (in conjunction with) the TCP/IP, the standard Internet protocol.

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Protocols and Client Servers In a client server model, computers essentially perform two major functions: 1. The client (or end-user function) makes a request (or query) to a server for data. 2. The server function is performed by one of many computers sharing network control. The server processes the request and returns the results to the client. Many computers, not just one, can function as servers and can locate data on a network. Furthermore, servers can forward requests to other servers and create a chain reaction to process the original client’s request for data.

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Applications on the Internet Global Discussion Groups Live Conferencing File Transfer Information Navigation Information Dissemination Other (social, entertainment, news, commerce)

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Multimedia and the Web Most educational applications on the World Wide Web rely extensively on text (such as , discussion groups, or bulletin boards) for instruction and communication. But now multimedia applications on the Web (audio and video) are becoming more commonplace.

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Multimedia and the Web 1. Text (letters of the alphabet, numbers, special characters) are handled very efficiently in any digital form, whether on stand-alone or networked computers, or the Internet. 2. Still images and photographs are also handled well in digital format. 3. Animations are “still” images to which motion has been added. Techniques for digital animation grew considerably in the 1990s. 4. Digital audio and sound files without images are becoming easier to develop. 5. Full-motion video is defined as thirty frames of “still” images per second, accompanied by a sound track. Playing digital video on a stand-alone or a locally networked computer works well. Although streaming technologies are also being used with video on the Web, “streaming” needs further development to be effective for those applications that require high quality. There are five levels of digital media:

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Internet and Education Global Activities (such as sharing news reports, weather reports, survey research, group problem solving) Information Navigation (Webquests) Creating Web Sites Course Management Systems (CMS) Distance Learning In developing Internet applications for education, administrators should consider how to integrate the Internet with other data communications facilities in a school district. Examples of education applications using Internet technology include

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