Africa, Europe, and the Near East in the Chapter 1 The Birth of Art: Africa, Europe, and the Near East in the Stone Age

For art historians to declare a piece an “artwork,” it must have been modified by human intervention beyond mere selection.

“Waterworn pebble resembling a human face” Makapansget, South Africa 3,000,000 BC Reddish brown jasperite 2 3/8” wide

“Animal Facing Left” Apollo 11 Cave, Namibia 23,000 BC Charcoal on Stone 5” x 4 1/4”

“Venus of Willendorf” Willendorf, Austria 28,000 - 25,000 BC Limestone 4 1/2 “ high

High Relief, Clay, each figure @ 2” long “Two Bison” Cave at Le Tuc d’Audoubert, Ariege, France, 15,000-10,000 BC High Relief, Clay, each figure @ 2” long

“Bison With Turned Head” La Madeleine, Dordogne, France, 12,000 BC Fragmentary Spearthrower, Reindeer Horn, 4” long, Bas-relief

(detail of a painted ceiling) “Bison” (detail of a painted ceiling) Altamira Cave, Santander, Spain 12,000 - 11,000 BC (discovered 1879) Each Bison @ 5’ long

“Hall of the Bulls” (left wall), Lascaux, Dordogne, France, 15,000 - 13,000 BC Largest Bull @ 11’ 6” long

“Aurochs, Horses, and Rhinoceroses,” Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d’ArcArdeche, France, 30,000 - 28,000 BC or 15,00 - 13,000 BC

Great stone tower built into the settlement wall, Jericho 8000-7000 BC

Ruins of Jericho’s walls today,

Human Figure from Ain Ghazal, Jordan 6750-6250 BC 3’ 5 3/8” high

Schematic reconstruction drawing of a section of Level VI, Catal Hoyuk, Turkey 6000 - 5900 BC

Deer Hunt, detail of a wall painting from Level III, Catal Hoyuk, Turkey 5750 BC

Landscape with Volcanic Eruption Catal Hoyuk, Turkey 6150 BC (Considered by many to be the world’s first landscape)

Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, 2550 -1600 BC “Stonehenge” Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, 2550 -1600 BC Circle is 97’ in diameter, trilithons are @ 24’ high