Simple Marine Animals

Foldable Layout Simple Marine Animals Nutrition Vocabulary Nutrients Zooplankton Protozoans Rotifers, Sponges, and Bryozoans

Nutrition Vocabulary Nutrition: the process by which organisms use food to perform their life activities Metabolism: the process by which animals break down and utilize nutrients Nutrients: Useful chemical compounds found in food

Nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Organic compounds (contain carbon) Comprised of sugars and starches Glucose when it is not being used in the body is changed and stored into starch Energy found in carbon-hydrogen bonds Lipids High energy nutrients consisting of fats and oils Contain more C-H bonds and therefore has more energy potential Uses hydrolysis to release energy Proteins Made up of amino acids Needed for growth and repair of their cells

Nutrients continued Minerals Vitamins Water Elements and compounds found in water and soil that do not contain carbon (inorganic) Required for normal growth and health Minerals are consumed and incorporated into body tissues. Vitamins Organic compounds that are needed in small amounts to maintain good health Aid in the functioning of enzymes. Water Inorganic compound The most abundant nutrient in the body Make up most of body fluids such as blood, lymph, seat, and tears. Participates in chemical reactions Contains and transports many dissolved and suspended substances within the bodies of organisms.

Zooplankton Includes animal and animal-like plankton Divided into two groups Temporary zooplankton (meroplankton) Consists of embryos or larvae of fish, crabs, sponges, lobsters, clams, and other invertebrates. Organisms spend early part of their life cycle floating and drifting near the ocean’s surface then as they mature, they settle to the bottom of the ocean to develop into adults. Permanent zooplankton Consists of species that remain in the plankton population throughout their entire life cycle. Example 1: foraminiferan Unicellular protist whose outer shell eventually becomes chalk Example 2: radiolarian Unicellular protist with a transparent wall Example 3: Copepod The most numerous Tiny shrimp-like animal

Protozoans: Groups Subdivided into three major groups Ciliophora Largest group of protozoa Use cilia for locomotion and feeding Free-swimming Crawl on substrates Examples: Spirostomum, Stylonychia, Vorticella Zoomastigina Use whiplike flagella for locomotion Examples: euglena, dinoflagellates Sarcodina Use psuedopods (cytoplasmic extensions) for locomotion and eating Examples: Forams, radiolarians, amebas

Protozoans: Life Functions Ingestion and Digestion Food is taken in by cilia movement into the oral groove. Food enters vacuoles located inside the organism where they are broken down into smaller particles (digestion) Respiration Use cellular respiration to make ATP (energy) Oxygen is transported into the organism through the cell membrane. Transport The movement of substances into, out of, and within a cell. Oxygen, carbon dioxide are transported via diffusion (passive transport) Water balance and excretion Excess water is pumped out of the cell through the contractile vacuole. Reproduction Most reproduce asexually by binary fission Cell/organism divides into two daughter cells Some reproduce sexually via conjugation Two cells/organisms come into contact with one another and exchange hereditary material

Rotifers (wheel bearer) Multicellular Found in moist sands along the shore and in aquarium tanks They can change the shape of their body. Some rotifers are predatory while some scavenge on debris Have a digestive system Cilia beats food into mouth which passes through a food tube (esophagus, stomach and intestines) and then wastes are eliminated through the anus. Reproduction Reproduce through sexual reproduction and asexually (parthenogenesis)

Sponges: Background information Classified in the phylum Porifera (pore bearing) Considered benthic (bottom dwelling) organisms nonmotile Life functions Ingestion and Digestion Tiny food particles enter through small pores (ostia) and water and wastes exit through the large hole called osculum Digestion occurs within food vacuoles inside individual cells Respiration Gas exchange occurs across cell membranes Reproduction Sexual reproduction Regeneration Whole body can be regrown from parts of the parent body Life Cycle Zygote to embryo to larva to adult

Sponges: Importance in the Marine Environment Commercial Significance Collected for bathing (Euspongia) Demand has decreased due to the substitution of synthetic sponges for natural ones Filter feeders One sponge can filter 100 L of seawater in an hour Recycle minerals back into the water Encrusting organisms Can grow over the surfaces of substrates Recycles calcium carbonate back into the water by boring holes into the shells of organisms like the clam

Bryozoans Description Life functions Benthic organism Microscopic multicellular animal Lives within a box or vase shaped compartment made up of calcium carbonate or chitin. Colonies cover surfaces of rocks, seaweeds, and shells Life functions Ingestion and Digestion Feeds on plankton and debris One-way digestive tract (mouth, stomach, and intestines) Wastes eliminated through the anus Reproduction Asexual via budding Sexual by producing sperm and egg cells Most are hermaphrodites