The End

GOVERNMENT Write words or draw pictures that come to mind when you hear the word “government.” What is the reason or purpose for having a government?

FreedomsSecurity John Locke How he influenced the Constitution of the United States of America

SWBAT Define “political power.” Explain why a “Social Contract” is better than a “State of Nature.” Explain how a “Social Contract” is necessary to avoid the “State of War.” List and describe three things that are required to ensure the preservation of property.

Just a question... Do you believe that humans are: –Naturally good: Society and the environment are what corrupts them. –Naturally bad: Society and the social environment teach people how to be good. –Neither good or bad: Society and the social environment define whether or not people will become good or bad. –Some combination of the above.

Hobbes Wrote Leviathan 1651 Introduced the State of Nature All had the right to –Do everything and anything. –Self-preservation through self-defense. This naturally brought man into war. War is not in man’s best interest The only way out of war, is by entering into a social contract under an authority who will provide safety and order.

“Leviathan” was the The Monarch The ruling, protective authority had complete power even to matters of religion and conscience. There is no separation of powers. The Leviathan was the Lawmaker, the Judge, and the Executioner. Who was in authority over the Leviathan / Monarch?

18 th Century Philosophy Emphasis on reason and logic Social progress = people friendly politics John Locke was a political philosopher –If Natural Laws were logical and could be “discovered” or “uncovered” (gravity) then so should there be discoverable / uncoverable political / social laws.

Natural Rights All men possess or are “granted” these by the Creator (“among these are...”) –Life –Liberty –Property (the right to have) Problem: the study of history shows these rights have often been denied

The Various States I.State of Nature NEVER LASTS II.State of War PERSISTS INDEFINITELY but individually it cannot last forever... III.Political / Civil Society Social Contract

§ 3 Political power Authorized to make rules and penalties, even severe, to ensure protection of property, and using the force of the community to enforce these rules –and protect from other groups; All this for the good of the group.

CHAP. II. Of the State of Nature Read §. 4, –What two words describe and characterize the State of Nature? FREEDOM EQUALITY

State of Nature A state of Freedom and Equality Live by Natural Laws § 7 Everyone has Equal power and jurisdiction to enforce infringements on Freedom & Equality How? §

Do we live in a State of Nature? Do we have full Freedom and Equality? What would be another word for this state? Why?

How are Infringements handled? Who Handles infractions? –There is no “TEAM” in “ I “ Ultimately,Killing is the only option ( § 12) Ensures full protection of your own Freedoms.

Once an Infringement begins, we are in a...

State of War Once one man attempts to place another under his absolute power... Enmity and Destruction! §16 The transgressor has left “reason” and become a “wolf.”

§ 21 How about a Society? Under Social Contract there is a constant balancing of Natural Rights vs Security Why? To preserve... FreedomsSecurity Individuals consent to become a community Government w/Political Power given over to selected members of the group

& Protect Natural Rights Life Liberty Preservation of Property

Freedoms Security

Preservation of Property What does a State of Nature “want” to achieve Preservation of Property? Ref to § 123. –§124 An established and known law –§125 An indifferent judge –§126 Power to “execute,” carry out the law How far does Political Power extend? –§131 as far as the “common good” –§ 3 “only for the public good.”

Back to § 3 Political power, reprise Authorized to make laws and penalties, even severe, to ensure preservation of property, and using the force of the community to enforce these rules –and protect from other groups; All this for the public good.

Are all Persons in a Social Contract? Babies? Objectors? Tyrants? Can more than one STATE exist at the same time among different persons? What is the ultimate desire of all Persons?

REBELLION!! When is rebellion against the standing government permitted? Refer to the opening paragraphs of the Declaration of Independence.

When is Rebellion Justified? § 202 Where-ever law ends, tyranny begins... § Leave nothing but anarchy and confusion § If a long train of actions shew... § 211 distinguish between dissolution of the society... And the government § The people are at liberty to provide for themselves, by erecting a new legislative... (For society can never lose its right to preserve itself)

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Find and Explain (on a separate paper) the references to the 3 Lockeian Estates in this paragraph of the DoI. We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness-That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

Connect the Dots... Prove that you understand Locke’s explanation of the derivation of Political Power. –Quote a portion of the Declaration of Independence that was adapted from Locke’s Second Treatise of Government. What fat S did that DOI reference come from? –What principle of government do we practice based on Locke that was different from Hobbes? In which fat S’s does that principle originate?

Locke Study Guide (you may hand-write onto a 3x5 card a “cheat-sheet” for the quiz) What three “states” does Locke describe? –Place them in their logical order and briefly explain each providing a quote from The Second Treatise on Government. What do individuals hope to gain by giving up certain freedoms? –Give an example of a freedom given up to gain a benefit. List three things that a “State of Nature” wants to achieve “preservation of property.” –Explain each of the three terms. Under what conditions can an established authority be rebelled against? Define the following terms: –State of Nature –Political Power –State of War –Social Contract Why do individuals move toward “social contracts?”

Fun (but not Extra Credit) Riddle me this: A man came into town on Friday. Three days later he left on Friday. Explain. Man Friday