Wireless Networks Instructor: Fatima Naseem Computer Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

Lecture # 09 Introduction To Wireless Networks And Its Types

Current Wireless Systems Cellular system Wireless LANs Satellite Systems Paging Systems PANs (Bluetooth)

1. Cellular Systems Reuse Channels to maximize capacity Geographic region divide into cells Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially separated locations. Base stations/Mobile telephone Switching Offices (MTSOs) coordinate handoff and control functions

2. Wireless Local Area Network (WLANs) WLANs connect “local” computers(100m range=> confined regions) Break data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort service Poor erformance in some applications e.g. video Low mobility

Wireless LAN Standard datarateFrequency band range IEEE b Mbps2.4GHz~100m IEEE a 54Mbps5GHz~100m HiperLAN20Mbps5GHz~50m HiperLAN254Mbps5GHz~50m

3. Satellite Systems Cover very large areas (global coverage) Very useful in sparsely populated areas: e.g. rural, sea, mountains, etc. Different orbit heights GEOs (39000 Km) LEOs (2000 Km) Optimized for one way transmission Radio, TV broadcasting Expensive base stations (satellites)

3. Satellite Systems Limited-Quality voice/data transmission Traditional applications Weather satellite Radio/TV broadcasting Military satellites Telecommunication Applications Global telephone connections Backbone for global network GPS Iridium Globalstar, Teledesic, Inmarsat are some examples systems

4. Paging Systems Broad coverge for short messaging Message broadcasting from all base stations Simple terminals Low complexity, very low-power pager (receiver) devices Optimized for 1-way transmission Answer-back hard Overtaken by cellular

5. Personal Area Networks (PANs) Bluetooth Cable replacement RF technology (low cost) Short range (10m, extendable to 100m) 2.4 GHz band (crowded) 1 data (700 Kpbs) and 3 voice channels 1 Mbps data rate shared between 7 devices TDD duplex scheme Polling based multiple access Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies

Emerging Wireless System Ad hoc wireless networks Sensor networks Distributed control networks Ultra Wideband (UWB) Systems

1. Ad-Hoc Networks Peer-to-peer communications No backbone infrastructure Routing can be multihop Topology is dynamic Fully connected with different link SINRs

1. Ad-Hoc Networks Ad-hoc networks provide a flexible network infrastructure for many emerging applications. The capacity of such networks generally unknown. Transmission, access, and routing strategies for these networks are generally ad-hoc. Crosslayer design critical and very challenging. Energy constraints impose interesting design tradeoffs for communication and networking

2. Sensor Networks Energy is the driving constraint Nodes powered by non-rechargeable batteries Data flows to centralized location Low per-node rates but upto 100,000 nodes. Data highly correlated in time and space. Nodes can cooperate in transmission, reception, compression and signal processing.

3. Distributed Control over Wireless Links Packet loss and/or delays impacts controller performance. Controller design should be robust to network faults. Joint application and communication network design.

4. Ultra Wide Band System Ultra Wide Band (UWB) is an emerging wireless communications technology that can transmit data at around 100 Mbps (upto 1000 Mbps). UWB transmits ultra-low power radio signals with very narrow pulses (nanosecond) Because of its low power requirements, UWB is very difficult to detect (hence secure)

4. Ultra Wide Band System Why UWB? Exceptional multi-path immunity Low power consumption Large bandwidth Secure communications Low interference No need for a license to opreate Next generation communication system

Spectrum Regulation Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R ITU auctions spectral blocks for set applications. Some spectrum set aside for universal use. Spectral allocation/regulation heavily impacts the evolution of wireless technology

Standard Bodies CCIR (Consultative Committee on International Radio) Study groups for radio spectrum usage and interworking of wireless systems Radio Communications Sector ITU-R (formerly CCIR and IFRB) World conferences, radio regulations Telecommunication Standardization Sector ITU T (formerly CCIT) All worldwide wireline and wireless standards IEEE standards often accepted