Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 2. PARTICLES (from atoms to quarks and leptons)

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Particle Physics (for non physics students) 2. PARTICLES (from atoms to quarks and leptons)

Structure of Matter Two ways that structure is revealed: True from atoms to particles…..

Spectra Qualitatively similar

Spectra Quantitatively different

Scattering Nuclear atom Proton/neutron Quarks Qualitatively similar

Alpha particles from natural radioactivity Gold leaf Small scintillation screen Rutherford: Nuclear Atom

Rutherford used energy conservation…

…and long division

..and how Rutherford used them

Quarks in the proton Qualitatively: Same idea Quantitatively: Different scale

SLAC 3km electron accelerator The BEAM

Electron beam = 3 km Proton target (hydrogen) Big electronic detector Quarks in the proton

BEAM TARGET DETECTOR me

Proton made of 3 quarks, gripped by gluons

U p and d own Quarks To make proton and neutron requires two “ flavours ” of Quarks

and neutron ddu

H atom (not to scale!) a miracle of neutrality electron balances uud hint of unification

beta decay at quark level

Stars cook the elements Sun is dominantly this first step Heavy elements cooked in stars and ejected into cosmos in supernova explosion Many protons; electrical disruption Stabilised by STRONG force

How do we know the neutrino is produced? It hits a nucleus upstream and turns into charged lepton which is detected.

Three charged leptons electron muon tau And three neutral: e- neutrino mu- neutrino tau- neutrino

electron muon tau e- neutrino mu- neutrino tau- neutrino Neutrinos and their charged partner are always linked if neutrinos are massless

BUT if neutrinos have mass, they can oscillate back and forth

Neutrino Oscillations Nu beams from lab (CERN,Fermilab,KEK) Measure intensity nearby Measure 100s km away Evidence that nu are disappearing Direct evidence for oscillation not yet Major research programme to understand neutrinos- masses, mixing, key to pattern of the three generations?

Muon-neutrino

Nature’s Three Party System

Spectra So are quarks (and leptons) also composites?

ANTIMATTER MATTER quarks electron neutrino leptons ANTIMATTER antiquarks positron antineutrino antileptons leptons

ANTIMATTER MATTER qqq proton ANTIMATTER qqq antiproton leptons

MATTER qqq proton BARYONS ANTIMATTER qqq antiproton ANTIBARYONS MESONS qqqq

More in Vsi And particle odyssey NEW A Very Short Introduction Coming out in December

The Particle Odyssey A Journey to the Heart of matter Frank Close, Michael Marten, Christine Sutton