 bias motivation  victim is attacked because of its membership in a certain social group  racial group, religion, sexual orientation, disability, class, ethnicity, nationality, age, sex, gender identity, social status or political opinion

 Nazis – Crystal night, Concentration camps – race, religion  St. Bartholomew's Day massacre  Ku-klux klan

 most frequent in the USA - anti-black bias (48,2 % race related, 70% of them anti-black bias)  other frequent bias motivations: anti-white, anti- Jewish, anti-Islamic, anti-homosexual, and anti- Hispanic  response to hate crimes based upon race ethnicity, religion,..., through: education, outreach, community resources and criminal justice system

 Victims of hate crimes targeted because of their identity.  These attributes cannot be changed.  Victims feel degraded, frightened, vulnerable and suspicious.  Community members who share with victims may also feel vulnerable, fearful, and powerless.  Swift and strong law enforcement response can help stabilize and calm the community, while aiding the victim's recovery.

 Deep personal crisis  Sense of community/system betrayal  Extreme fear of certain groups  Anger/desire for revenge

 Community tension/fear  Loss of trust in criminal justice institutions  Public damage, i.e. buildings such as churches/synagogues

 1. laws defining specific bias-motivated acts as distinct crimes  2. criminal penalty-enhancement laws  3. laws creating a distinct civil cause of action for hate crimes  4. laws requiring administrative agencies to collect hate crime statistics

 CZECH REPUBLIC - § 196 : 'violence against a group of inhabitants and against individuals on the basis of race, nationality, political conviction or religion  FINLAND – Finnish Criminal Code makes 'committing a crime against a person, because of his national, racial, ethnical or equivalent group' an aggravating circumstance in sentencing

 USA  Civil Rights Act (1968): "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone who is engaged in six specified protected activities, by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin."  National Crime Victim Survey (1999): "A hate crime is a criminal offense. In the United States, federal prosecution is possible for hate crimes committed on the basis of a person's race, religion, or nation origin when engaging in a federally protected activity."

 the right to attend school without being the victim of violence, threats of harm, intimidation, or damage to your belongings  the right to be ourself and to be free from being harassed, discriminated against, or attacked for who we are  the right to be free from violence motivated by prejudice or hatred

Thank you for your attention!