Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Information Systems: Creating Business Value John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Mark Huber, Craig Piercy, and Patrick McKeown

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 2 IT for the Organization

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. What We Will Cover: The technological infrastructure of an organization Databases: the primary data storage for organizations Beyond databases: using other methods to store data, information, and knowledge The IS integration problem Information systems that support business activities Business intelligence

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Student ROI (Return on Investment) Your investment of time and effort in this course will result in your being able to answer these questions: 1.How do organizations use processors, networks, software, and storage? 2.What are the key concepts of data organization for an IS? 3.In what ways can organizations use IT to store and share data, information and knowledge? 4.What is the IS integration problem and how are organizations solving it? 5.How do organizations use IT to support transactions and business processes? 6.How does business intelligence enhance organizational decision making?

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The Components of IT Accepting and storing data and information –Example: Performing mathematical calculations –Example: Applying logic to make decisions –Example: Retrieving, displaying, and sending information –Example: Consistently repeating the above actions many times –Example:

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Information Technology Categories Hardware is the … Software is the … Network technology is the …

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. IT Platform

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hardware Components Processing: Memory: Input: Output: Storage: Communications:

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The Central Processing Unit Core of all computing operations is a ______ composed of millions of transistors called the ______ ______ ______ (or ______ ). A ______ is an electronic switch that can be on (1) or off (0). By combining ______ ______ we can represent data in a binary format. The CPU works together with memory to … CPU speed is measured by its ______ in billions of cycles per second (______ ).

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Memory There are two types of memory — _____- term (ROM) memory and ______- term (RAM) memory –ROM stands for… –RAM stands for… Both types of memory are built onto memory chips Both are measured in number of bytes stored: –______ of bytes = (kilobytes—KB) –______ of bytes = (megabytes—MB –______ of bytes = (gigabytes—GB)

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Read Only Memory Read Only Memory (ROM) contains instructions that … ROM is present in most IT devices In computers, ROM holds instructions used to … There are far ______ (fewer or more?) ROM chips than RAM chips in a computer –Why might this be so?

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Access Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) is the …. The CPU can access any item stored in RAM ______ (randomly). RAM is ______ memory so anything in RAM is ______ when the computer is shut down. ______ RAM capacity is the easiest way to increase effectiveness of a computer.

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Input Hardware Input devices provide …. Input devices allow us to …. Input devices include: ? -

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keyboard Most widely used input device for computers. Highly versatile, providing the capability to enter all types of data as well as instructions. Ergonomic keyboards are keyboards that ….

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pointing and Scanning Devices Pointing devices such as a ______ allow users to provide ______ to a computer using physical movements, such as “point” and “click”. Pointing devices tend to require less training than a keyboard. Are pointing devices more or less useful for entering commands than for entering data? Scanning devices such as barcode readers improve speed and efficiency or perform a task more efficiently. –In addition to speed and efficiency, why would a retail grocery store choose to use scanning devices rather than humans to input items sold?

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Output Hardware Output devices … ______ and ______ of ______ are important in choosing an output device. Common output devices include ? –

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. IT Storage Hardware Storage refers to …. IS storage much slower or faster to access than memory? Examples include: ? –

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Communications Hardware A Network interface card (NIC) provides … The two major ways to access a network are ? – ______ allow you to connect to a remote network over a telecommunications line (telephone line or cable TV service)

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Software Software is …. Software is legally protected just like music and books. Firmware is … –Where do you find firmware (you probably have firmware close at hand!)? Software gets the job done! The two major categories of software are … ? –

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. System Software What does system software do? ? – What are the two main types of systems software? ? –

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic OS Tasks

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Application Software Application software is … What does application software do? What is productivity software and what are some examples of popular productivity software?

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Types of Productivity Software Document Preparation Software: …. Electronic Spreadsheet Software: …. Presentation Graphics Software: …. Database Management System (DBMS) software: …. Personal Information Management (PIM) software: ….

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Connecting over Networks Networks are everywhere! In this section, we concentrate on a computer networks. A computer network consists of ______ that represent computer hardware and network users with hardware, software, and ______ ______ forming links between nodes. Network consists of 4 primary components: ? –

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Network Categories Computer networks are commonly described by the physical size of the network. The most commonly use types are LANs and WANs. A Local Area Network (LAN) connects computers over …. A Wide Area Network (WAN) connects computers over ….

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Network Hardware What are the three basic categories of network hardware?

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Network Connection Hardware Examples of communications hardware include…. ? – The physical link that creates the network connection is referred to as the ______ or ______ medium. Examples of communications media include…. ? –

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Network Traffic Hardware A ______ is a device that lets you connect to networks or break a large network into two smaller, more efficient networks. A ______ is an intelligent bridge that connects, translates, and then directs data that cross between two networks. A ______ (or concentrator) serves as a central connection point for devices on a a network. A ______ ______ ______ is a special bridge that connects between wireless devices and a wired network.

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Specialized Network Computers ______ are specialized computers manage the various functions on a network. A ______ ______ is a fast computer with large amount of RAM and storage. File servers run the network operating system as well as storing shared software applications and data files. Computers connected to a file server are called ______ or ______.

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Network Software Network operating system software ….. Network application software provides …. A ______ is a standard set of rules that allows the communication of data between nodes on a network.

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Network Benefits How do networks enable or enhance the following? –Efficient communication: –Effective resource management: –Complete, accurate, reliable, and timely information: –Expanded marketing and customer service capabilities:

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The Internet Any computer network that connects several networks together is an ______. Typically we refer to the ___________________________ as the “Internet.” Over 1 billion people had access to the Internet in The Internet uses the ___/__ suite of ______ ______ protocols. Any computer using software compatible with TCP/IP, regardless of OS, can connect and communicate over the Internet.

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Access the Internet Home users access the Internet through dial-up over traditional telephone lines or broadband through ______ or ______. Most users connect through an _________________ (ISP) using Internet access software. Internet access has moved into libraries, airports, or coffee shops using ______. Wi-fi stands for ______ standards for wireless network access.

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The World Wide Web The World Wide Web (WWW) is one of the two most popular Internet applications ( is the other.) The Web provides a ______ system that operates over the Internet. ______ provides an easy way to publish information on a network in documents that incorporate hyperlinks to other information on the network. ______ ______ software enables user to view hypertext document and use hyperlinks to browse other related documents.

Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Web Standards The Web relies on three basic standards: