© The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Chapter 30 Economic growth David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, Economics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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© The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Chapter 30 Economic growth David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, Economics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008 PowerPoint presentation by Alex Tackie and Damian Ward

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Economic growth is Often measured by the rate of change of real GDP –although this has many deficiencies –it omits output that is not bought/sold e.g. leisure, pollution, congestion –it also neglects income distribution so higher GDP per capita does not necessarily mean greater happiness –but it helps.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008

The production function... shows the maximum output that can be produced using specified quantities of inputs, given existing technical knowledge Output = f(capital – labour – land – raw materials – technology)

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Increasing output Capital –output per worker may increase with capital per worker Labour –population growth –participation rates –human capital Land –fixed supply, but quality may be improved

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Raw materials –important distinction between depletable resources (coal, oil) renewable resources (timber, fish) Technical knowledge –inventions, R&D Economies of scale may reinforce the long-run growth process Increasing output (2)

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Technical knowledge The state of technical knowledge changes through time because of: –inventions –embodiment of knowledge in capital –learning by doing Research and development (R&D) –patent systems address a market failure which otherwise would lead to there being too little R&D.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The convergence hypothesis … asserts that poor countries will grow more quickly than average, but rich countries will grow more slowly than average. –i.e. poor countries should ‘catch up’ but social and political differences may enable some economies to catch up more effectively than others.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The costs of economic growth Malthus, in the 18th century, warned of limits to growth –but he underestimated the potential impact of technical change The price system helps to ensure a proper use of finite resources Growth may bring costs –pollution, congestion, poor quality of life But lack of growth may impose costs also The assessment of the desirable growth rate remains a normative issue