Lecture 07: particle production in AA collisions

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Presentation transcript:

Lecture 07: particle production in AA collisions Last lecture: soft particle production in pp collisions Linear QCD potential at large distances and classical string theory reproduce the main features of the data: Hadron masses and spins are related through the string constant Rapidity distribution MT scaling for particle spectra for low mT Today: AA collisions Multiplicity: number of particles produced per event (i.e. for one pp or AA collision) Differential multiplicity: dN/dh or dN/dy : # of particles produced per event in a certain kinematic region Centrality ( see next page) Rapidity, energy, system size dependence of particle multiplicity phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Some definitions of terms Participants Spectators Nuclei are extended objects Impact parameter Number of participants Centrality ( % from total inelastic cross-section) 100% 0 % Julia Velkovska phys340a, Nov 5,2007

How to measure centrality (with PHENIX) Beam-Beam Counters: 3.0<|h|<3.9,  = 2 Zero-Degree Calorimeters: |h| > 6, |Z|=18.25 m phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Centrality Selection in PHENIX ZDC vs BBC Define centrality classes: ZDC vs BBC Extract N participants: Glauber model ET EZDC b QBBC Nch Nch ET phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

An almost central collision phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

PHOBOS 200 GeV Au+Au charged hadrons >99.5% The bulk of the particles are produced with low momentum: turn off the magnet and count! PHOBOS 200 GeV Au+Au charged hadrons >99.5% phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

The Phobos experiment Phobos: Si based spectrometer, PID by TOF and dE/dx in Si, large rapidity coverage I’ll discuss pseudo-rapidity measurements of particle multiplicity phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

PHOBOS Silicon Detector Arrays Partially Assembled Vertex Octagon Spectrometer Ring Multiplicity Arrays phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Tracks in Spectrometer Example of multiplicity measurement from PHOBOS Hits in Vertex Octagon Hits in Spectrometer Tracks in Spectrometer 130 AGeV 56 AGeV Sample of Events phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Charged Multiplicity Measurements Count tracks on a statistical basis (no explicit track reconstruction) Combine all hits in PC3 with all hits in PC1. Project resulting lines onto a plane through the beam line. Count tracks within a given radius. Determine combinatorial background by event mixing technique B=0 MC corrections for acceptance, detector effects, decays, background phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Npart and Ncoll from Glauber MC simulations Woods-Saxon nuclear density distributions. Put in the Lorentz boost Put in the NN inelastic cross section ( as parameterized from data) Straight line nucleon trajectories Throw the dice: see if the nucleon is a participant See if the nucleon will collide with another nucleon more than once Variety of ways to make correspondence with exp’t PHOBOS Glauber MC phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

More on Npart and Ncoll phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Nch pseudo-rapidity dependence Integrate the distribution to get total multiplicity – study the production as a function of energy Explore scaling behavior Is there longitudinal boost invariance ? Plateau around h = 0 increasing with energy. BUT, pseudo-rapidity maybe misleading…we’ll find out … phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Total charged particle production 62.4 GeV 200 GeV PHOBOS Here: number of participants  100 Same multiplicity for same Npart G. Roland (QM’05) phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Total multiplicity per participant pair Total multiplicity ( fixed energy/system) scales with Npart . With the change in centrality – change the system size and Ncoll , Npart Au+Au : increase in particle production with the available energy d+Au : not all “participants” are equal phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Nch as a function of centrality:comparison to models NOTE: this is at central rapidity HIJING – pQCD based model with soft and hard component of particle production X.N.Wang and M.Gyulassy, PRL 86, 3498 (2001) KLN – gluon saturation in the initial state D.Kharzeev and M. Nardi, Phys.Lett. B503, 121 (2001) D.Kharzeev and E.Levin, Phys.Lett. B523, 79 (2001) EKRT – saturation in the final state K.J.Eskola et al, Nucl Phys. B570, 379 and Phys.Lett. B 497, 39 (2001) phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

And a full pallet of Nch to theory comparison from PHOBOS phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Longitudinal scaling Particles near beam and target rapidity governed by limiting fragmentation Projectile hadron viewed in the rest frame of the target is highly Lorenz contracted. It passes through the target leaving it in an excited state which is independent of energy. It then fragments to produce hadrons phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Longitudinal scaling: Adding Cu+Cu into the picture Longitudinal scaling is independent even of the identity of the projectile! phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska

Summary Particle production grows logarithmically with cm energy Total multiplicity is ~ Npart At mid-rapidity: multiplicity per participant grows slowly – consistent with gluon saturation in the initial state Near beam and target rapidity: universal scaling of multiplicity Limiting fragmentation phys340a, Nov 5,2007 Julia Velkovska