Environmental Science FIRST EDITION Andrew Friedland Rick Relyea © 2012 W. H. Freeman and Company CHAPTER 5 Evolution of Biodiversity
F. assafoetida – Dung of the Devil
Nature’s Pharmacy Rosy periwinkle
Species Diversity …in a healthy forest
Plantation -v- Forest
Ecosystem Diversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity
Species: A population of organisms With shared characteristics Capable of interbreeding, and Producing fertile offspring In nature
How diverse are insect populations in the rainforest? What group of insects is most abundant? Where do most insects reside within the rainforest?
Species Richness -v- Evenness
Derived Trait
Environmental pressures affect phenotype
Artificial Selection
A mechanism to explain how evolution works Principles of Natural Selection
Over-reproduction Producing more offspring than can possibly survive in nature Why would an organism waste all of this energy? Because many will not survive, (life’s hard!!), having many offspring ensures that at least some will survive
Variation Organisms have differences in the their phenotypes, their characteristics. We’re not all identical!! Sources of variation: 1.mutation 2.meiosis: a.Crossing over b.Independent assortment 3.Sexual reproduction
Struggle for Survival Organisms must compete for limited resources What do they compete for? 1.Food 2.Water 3.Mates 4.Territory 5.Shelter
Survival of the Fittest Only those organisms best adapted to their environment can survive (and pass on their DNA!) What will happens to populations of organisms over time? A population becomes better suited to its environment.
What makes an organism/population/species fit? Adaptation: –A structure, behavior or internal process that makes an organism better suited to its environment Evolution: –Occurs to a population (species), not an individual
Hardy Weinberg Equation p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 What does this mean? A population is comprised of the sum of its various genotypes, and this should remain constant. But it doesn’t remain constant. Ever. It does give us a baseline from which to evaluate change. What factors cause the frequencies of genotypes to change?
Allopatric Speciation
EURASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA INDIA 135 million years ago Present 65 million years ago 225 million years ago 120° 80° 0° 120 ° 80° 40° 120° GONDWANALAND 120 ° LAURASIA PANGAEA ANTARCTICA AUSTRALIA NORTH AMERICA
Sympatric speciation through polyploidy
Ability of a Species to Adapt to Change
……R and K strategists, coming soon
Range of Tolerance for a Species Just one of many factors
Is it better to be a generalist?
…or a specialist?
How do we collect this data?
Predicting Future Species’ Distribution
The Fossil Record
Mass Extinctions & Explosions of Life
An FRQ, to ponder.