1. How have you, AND will, you EVOLVE???
TRANSFORMATION TUESDAY!
How have you, AND will, you EVOLVE???

2. Ch.5 - Evolution and Biodiversity
“Each species here today represents a long chain of evolution and plays a unique ecological role (niche) in the earth’s communities and ecosystems.”

3. 5-1 Origins of Life HOW DO WE KNOW???
Protocells TED Talk
Chemical Evolution – organic compounds and systems of chemical reactions formed the first cells. (took about 1 billion years!)
Biological Evolution – change from single celled prokaryotes single celled eukaryotes
multicellular organism
HOW DO WE KNOW???
Most left behind fossil records that give us physical evidence of past organisms and their internal structures. Records are incomplete, however, and actually only represent about 1% of all species ever lived.

5. 5-2 Evolution and Adaptations
Evolution – change in a POPULATION’S genetic makeup over successive generations (not individuals!)
Theory of Evolution - all species descended from earlier, ancestral species
Macroevolution Microevolution
Long-term, large scale changes from 1
ancestral species to another where older
species is lost through extinction. Small genetic changes in a population’s gene pool that are past on to offspring.

6. Which picture represents microevolution? Macroevolution?

7. Past organisms’ fossil records
Relative vs. Radiometric dating

8. WHAT IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF EVOLUTION?

9. Genes-area/location on a chromosome (within DNA) that codes for a particular protein; proteins then give particular phenotype/behavior
Alleles- different version of the SAME GENE
Mutations – environmental or random; harmful or beneficial
Differentiating between DNA, gene, chromosomes
5-2 Changes in a Gene pool

10. Mutations create genetic diversity and new combinations of alleles

11. Beneficial and Lethal Mutations

12. Natural Selection
When individuals in a population have certain genetic traits that enhance their ability to survive and pass on these advantageous traits to their offspring.
Adaptation- heritable trait that enables the organisms to better survive under environmental conditions.

13. When faced with changing environmental conditions a species will either:
1) adapt through natural selection
2) migrate to areas with more favorable conditions
3) become extinct!

14. MICROEVOLUTION Summary…
Occurs when
genes mutate
individuals are selected
population change (evolve).

15. Coevolution Examples: Bats and moths (echolocation) Humans and Lactase
Interactions between 2 populations of different species over a long period of time can lead to changes in their gene pools, like a evolutionary contest of who can produce the most offspring.
Examples: Bats and moths (echolocation)
Humans and Lactase

16. 5-3 Ecological Niches & Adaptations
Niche– specific role in an ecosystem (occupation)
Includes:
adaptive traits
range of tolerance for physical/chemical conditions (temperature/H2O availability)
Types/amount of resources specie uses (food, space,etc)
How it interacts with nonliving/living components in the ecosystem
Role specie plays in energy flow and matter cycling in the ecosystem.
HABITAT- physical location where organism lives (address)

17. 5-3 Ecological Niches & Adaptations
Fundamental Niche – full potential range of physical, chemical, and biological conditions and resources a species could theoretically use if there was no t direct competition from other species.
Realized Niche- specie only occupies part of its fundamental niche to survive and avoid competition
video
Broad vs. Narrow niches = Generalists vs. Specialists

18. Fitness = reproductive success, not strongest!
Limits to Adaptations
Genetic trait that leads to an adaptation to changes in the environmental condition must already be present in the gene pool.
If present, adaptation is limited by reproductive rate. (humans would take thousands to millions of years to adapt!)
Fitness = reproductive success, not strongest!

19. 5-4 Speciation, Extinction, and Biodiversity
Allopatric speciation
Geographic isolation Reproductive isolation (Physical barrier) (no longer produces fertile offspring)
Sympatric Speciation
Mutation or changes in behavior no longer allows interbreed in close living species (insects)

20. Mechanisms for Speciation
ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION
SYMPATRIC SPECIATION
Squirrel species of Grand Canyon
A. harrisi
A. leucurus

21. Extinction 99.9% of all species that ever existed are now extinct.
Background extinction- species disappear at a low rate
Mass extinction and mass depletion
Extinctions create new opportunities for other species.
Adaptive radiation sets in as new species adapt to fill vacated ecological niches in changed environments.

23. Human Activities are Decreasing Biodiversity
Richest areas of biodiversity- tropical forests, coral reefs, and wetlands

24. 5-5 What is the future of evolution?
Artificial Selection
Selective breeding
Genetic engineering
Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) or transgenic organisms
Gene splicing
Biopharming- using genetically engineered animals to produce a product for human use
(hormones, vaccines, antibodies, etc.)
Bioethics- governmental
regulations and control

25. Genetic Engineering Recombinant DNA
Hepatitis B vaccine produced in bananas (biopharming)

26. p. 142 FRQ #2 Drug resistant bacteria
Friedland and Relyea Textbook
p. 142 FRQ #2 Drug resistant bacteria