Evidence for Evolution

Concept Map Section 15-3 Evidence of Evolution includes The fossil record Geographic distribution of living species Homologous body structures Similarities in early development which is composed of which indicates which implies which implies Physical remains of organisms Common ancestral species Similar genes

Fossils

Compare/Contrast Table Section 17-1 Comparing Relative and Absolute Dating of Fossils Can determine Is performed by Drawbacks Relative Dating Absolute Dating Age of fossil with respect to another rock or fossil (that is, older or younger) Age of a fossil in years Comparing depth of a fossil’s source stratum to the position of a reference fossil or rock Determining the relative amounts of a radioactive isotope and nonradioactive isotope in a specimen Imprecision and limitations of age data Difficulty of radioassay laboratory methods Go to Section:

Figure 17-2 Formation of a Fossil Section 17-1 Water carries small rock particles to lakes and seas. Dead organisms are buried by layers of sediment, which forms new rock. The preserved remains may later be discovered and studied. Go to Section:

Geographic Distribution of Living Species Section 15-3 Beaver Beaver Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara Coypu and Capybara NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Example: Many pouched mammals (marsupials) in Australia Few placental mammals ( deer, squirrels)

SIMILARITIES IN STRUCTURE Homologous structures

Homologous Body Structures Section 15-3 Bird Mammals Turtle Alligator Typical primitive fish

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

SIMILARITIES IN DEVELOPMENT Similar development in embryos

The Process of Speciation Section 16-3 A. Isolating Mechanisms 1. Behavioral Isolation 2. Geographic Isolation 3. Temporal Isolation B. Testing Natural Selection in Nature 1. Variation 2. Natural Selection 3. Rapid Evolution

Reproductive Isolation results from Isolating mechanisms which include Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation Geographic isolation produced by produced by produced by Behavioral differences Different mating times Physical separation which result in Independently evolving populations which result in Formation of new species

Evolution of Life Concept Map Section 17-2 Go to Section: Early Earth was hot; atmosphere contained poisonous gases. Earth cooled and oceans condensed. Simple organic molecules may have formed in the oceans.. Small sequences of RNA may have formed and replicated. First prokaryotes may have formed when RNA or DNA was enclosed in microspheres. Later prokaryotes were photosynthetic and produced oxygen. An oxygenated atmosphere capped by the ozone layer protected Earth. First eukaryotes may have been communities of prokaryotes. Multicellular eukaryotes evolved. Sexual reproduction increased genetic variability, hastening evolution. Go to Section:

Geologic Time Scale with Key Events Section 17-3 Era Period Time (millions of years ago) Key Events Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Precambrian Time Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian 1.8–present 65–1.8 145–65 208–145 245–208 290–245 363–290 410–363 440–410 505–440 544–505 650–544 Glaciations; mammals increased; humans Mammals diversified; grasses Aquatic reptiles diversified; flowering plants; mass extinction Dinosaurs diversified; birds Dinosaurs; small mammals; cone-bearing plants Reptiles diversified; seed plants; mass extinction Reptiles; winged insects diversified; coal swamps Fishes diversified; land vertebrates (primitive amphibians) Land plants; land animals (arthropods) Aquatic arthropods; mollusks; vertebrates (jawless fishes) Marine invertebrates diversified; most animal phyla evolved Anaerobic, then photosynthetic prokaryotes; eukaryotes, then multicellular life Go to Section:

C. Convergent Evolution D. Coevolution E. Punctuated Equilibrium Section Outline Patterns of Evolution A. Mass Extinctions B. Adaptive Radiation C. Convergent Evolution D. Coevolution E. Punctuated Equilibrium F. Developmental Genes and Body Plans Section 17-4 Go to Section:

Flowchart Section 17-4 Species Go to Section: that are Unrelated form in under under in in Inter-relationshiops Similar environments Intense environmental pressure Small populations Different environments can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo can undergo Coevolution Convergent evolution Extinction Punctuated equilibrium Adaptive radiation Go to Section: