Kidney Stones

Kidney Stones Renal calculi 2 out of every 1000 12% of Americans 3X more than women Sedentary

Types of Stones Calcium stones Oxalate stones 80% Sand or gravel Staghorn Hypercalciuria Oxalate stones 2nd most frequent

Types of Stones Struvite stones Uric acid stones Cause is bacteria Difficult to eliminate Uric acid stones Hyperuricuria

Causes of Kidney Stones Factors that affect normal balance of urine Decreased fluid intake (dehydration) Urinary stasis Crystals precipitate more readily Urinary tract obstruction Immobilization

Symptoms Sudden constant pain Nausea and vomiting Renal colic attack of acute abdominal pain Nausea and vomiting Blood in the urine (hematuria) Frequent and painful urination fever

Symptoms Loss of appetite Diarrhea or constipation Profuse sweating (diaphoresis) General tiredness

Controllable Risk Factors Fluid intake Prevent dehydration Water!! Dietary factors Excessive vitamin C or vitamin D Activity level Medications

Risk Factors Not Controlled Age and gender Medical history Family and personal history Other diseases or conditions Medications which MUST be used

Risk Factors for Recurrent Stones High levels of minerals Low urine output Urinary tract infection Abnormal pH Either very low or very high

Exams and Tests History and physical exam Urinalysis and urine culture Ultrasound KUB IVP (intravenous pyelogram) CT scan

Break Up or Remove Stone Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy ESWL Litho refers to stone Tripsy refers to crushing Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or lithotripsy Ureteroscopy Ureteral stent may be placed

Prevention Increased fluid intake Changes in diet Medications