 The Cell Part 1

Prokaryotic Cells  Prokaryotic cell:  One celled organisms  Lack membrane bound nucleus and organelles  Contains  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane  Ribosomes  Nucleoid  Cell Wall  Two types:  Archaea  Bacteria

Prokaryotic Cell  Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cell  Eukaryotic cell:  Has membrane bound nucleus and organelles  More complex than prokaryotes  Most living organisms  Two main types:  Plant cell  Animal cell

Eukaryotic cells Animal CellPlant Cell

Organelles  Cytosol  Nucleus  Mitochondria  Ribosomes  Rough endoplasmic reticulum  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum  Nucleolus  Cell Wall  Golgi apparatus  Vacuoles  Lysosomes  Cytoskeleton  Centriole  Cell membrane  Chloroplast

Cell Membrane  Cell membrane is the outer membrane of the cell.  It serves as a barrier to the extracellular environment.  It control what enters the cell as well as what exits the cell.  It has double layers  Phospholipid bilayer (we will talk more about this later)  Also known as the plasma membrane

Cytosol  Gel like material  Main activity that occurs in the cytoplasm is cellular metabolism  Mostly consists of water

Nucleus  The Nucleus controls all cell activity  Membrane bound  Called nuclear membrane  Contains two phospholipid bilayers  Contains all genetic material (DNA)

Nucleolus  Located within the nucleus.  Main function is producing ribosomes

Ribosomes  Site of protein synthesis (more on this later)  Consists of two parts a large subunit and small subunit  Located in the cytosol and the Rough ER

Rough and Smooth ER  Rough ER  Ribosomes on the surface  Proteins created by ribosomes are transported throughout cell by rough ER  Smooth ER  Synthesizes membrane lipids  Calcium storage

Mitochondria  Membrane bound  double phospholipid bilayer  Outer membrane smooth  Inner membrane had many folds called cristae  Produces energy in the form of ATP which is the primary source of energy in the cell

Lysosomes  Contain enzymes  Intracellular digestion

Vacuoles  Membrane bound  In plant cells there is a large central vacuole  Stores nutrients and waste products  In animal cells may act as lysosomes and help increase cell size during growth

Cytoskeleton  Helps maintain shape of the cell.  Primary role is cell motility  Internal movement of cell organelles  Organized network of three protein filaments  Microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments

Golgi  Membrane bound  Single membrane  Enzymes in lysosomes are packaged in the Golgi  Responsible for packaging macromolecules for transport

Centrioles  Found only in animal cells  Main function is during cell division

Chloroplast  Found in plant cells  Contains chlorophyll which is responsible for the green color.  Located in cytoplasm  Main function is during photosynthesis

Cell Wall  Found in plant cells  The cell wall protects the cell and forms the shape of the cell.  Made of cellulose.

Cell differentiation  Different cells have different jobs.  They are very specific to what they do and even where they are located

Types of Cells  Red blood cells- most common cell, transports oxygen to body via blood flow through circulatory system  White blood cells- cells of the immune system which fight of disease and foreign material  Nerve cells- carries impulses to body, controls movement of body.  Muscle cells- form three different types of muscle, skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscles, which produces force and cause motion

Cell organization  Cells are grouped according to there function  The groups of cells make up tissue  The groups of tissues make organs  Groups of organs make organ systems  and organ systems make an organism