The British Electorate during collectivist years, single issue shaped how British voters viewed the political world: social class during collectivist years, single issue shaped how British voters viewed the political world: social class significance of conservative victory, ’79? significance of conservative victory, ’79? vote against radicalism and chaos of the Labour government? vote against radicalism and chaos of the Labour government? first step in a more lasting realignment? first step in a more lasting realignment?

Interest groups many groups (national to local), but little influence and little lobbying many groups (national to local), but little influence and little lobbying groups with most influence: TUC/Labour and CBI/Conservative groups with most influence: TUC/Labour and CBI/Conservative all governments need to consult with interest groups: information and expertise all governments need to consult with interest groups: information and expertise

The British and American States featureUKUSA Constitution unwritten unwritten fused powers fused powers written written federal federal separation of powers separation of powers Executive dominant dominant recruited from Parliament recruited from Parliament power to persuade power to persuade recruited from everywhere recruited from everywhere Legislature mostly debate mostly debate party voting party voting law making law making party or coalition voting party or coalition voting

Monarchy and Lords lots of visibility, little impact lots of visibility, little impact pre 1958, all Lords were hereditary peers or members of senior clergy and judiciary pre 1958, all Lords were hereditary peers or members of senior clergy and judiciary 1999: Parliament, with support of Lords, stripped all but 92 self-selected hereditary peers of membership 1999: Parliament, with support of Lords, stripped all but 92 self-selected hereditary peers of membership law Lords: Britain’s highest court of appeals, but cannot rule on constitutionality of acts of Parliament law Lords: Britain’s highest court of appeals, but cannot rule on constitutionality of acts of Parliament

Parliamentary Sovereignty the House of Commons: the body that determines who governs and which laws to pass the House of Commons: the body that determines who governs and which laws to pass does this make it sovereign? does this make it sovereign? House of Commons is not the major influence on most policy issues House of Commons is not the major influence on most policy issues instead, real influence lies with majority party leadership and certain non-elected bodies instead, real influence lies with majority party leadership and certain non-elected bodies also, courts have never had a policy-making role also, courts have never had a policy-making role

House of Commons 646 MPs, representing single-members districts, elected in first-part-the-post elections 646 MPs, representing single-members districts, elected in first-part-the-post elections MPs are not expected to represent their constituents’ interests MPs are not expected to represent their constituents’ interests they do not even have to live in the districts they represent they do not even have to live in the districts they represent ‘virtual’ representation ‘virtual’ representation

Parliamentary Party: the key to the British state Parliamentary Party: the key to the British state leader of the majority party becomes PM, can [almost always] count on support of party colleagues leader of the majority party becomes PM, can [almost always] count on support of party colleagues head of the largest minority party becomes leader of the opposition head of the largest minority party becomes leader of the opposition appoints a shadow cabinet to monitor and criticize appoints a shadow cabinet to monitor and criticize backbenchers: seats reserved for MPs who are not part of the leadership backbenchers: seats reserved for MPs who are not part of the leadership

PM selects the cabinet and other junior ministers (all MPs) (about 70) PM selects the cabinet and other junior ministers (all MPs) (about 70) all but two cabinet members chosen from House of Commons all but two cabinet members chosen from House of Commons cabinet ministers appointed based on their position in party’s power structure cabinet ministers appointed based on their position in party’s power structure less likely than American counterparts to be experts in area they supervise less likely than American counterparts to be experts in area they supervise

cabinet governed by principle of collective responsibility cabinet governed by principle of collective responsibility cabinet remains in office as long as the netire government retains support of its parliamentary majority cabinet remains in office as long as the netire government retains support of its parliamentary majority individual ministers must publicly support all cabinet decisions or resign individual ministers must publicly support all cabinet decisions or resign cabinet introduces all major legislation cabinet introduces all major legislation new legislation usually introduced only after extensive period of study and debate and publication of government white paper new legislation usually introduced only after extensive period of study and debate and publication of government white paper

cabinet introduces all major legislation cabinet introduces all major legislation Parliamentary debate: extensive, acrimonious, meaningless Parliamentary debate: extensive, acrimonious, meaningless ‘cabinet government’: possibly becoming a myth ‘cabinet government’: possibly becoming a myth realistically, Britain has government by PM, bureaucracy and other nonelected bodies (QUANGOs) realistically, Britain has government by PM, bureaucracy and other nonelected bodies (QUANGOs)

Public Policy: The Thatcher Revolution Thatcher: ‘the politics of conviction” Thatcher: ‘the politics of conviction” produced dramatic changes in British economic life produced dramatic changes in British economic life goal: sharply reduce the role of the state : wide-ranging privatization goal: sharply reduce the role of the state : wide-ranging privatization pro: saved economy, brought inflation and unemployment under control, energized the private sector pro: saved economy, brought inflation and unemployment under control, energized the private sector con: widened the gap between rich and poor, allowed public services to deteriorate con: widened the gap between rich and poor, allowed public services to deteriorate

Thatcher, cont. privatization was popular in the short term privatization was popular in the short term provided a needed infusion of capital to government provided a needed infusion of capital to government also tried to strengthen role of market forces: cut government subsidies to industry, reduce ‘redundant’ labor, reduce taxes on wealthy also tried to strengthen role of market forces: cut government subsidies to industry, reduce ‘redundant’ labor, reduce taxes on wealthy other centerpiece of Thatcher revolution: roll back the welfare state other centerpiece of Thatcher revolution: roll back the welfare state problem: unlike nationalized industries, social sevices programs were very popular – resistance to cut backs problem: unlike nationalized industries, social sevices programs were very popular – resistance to cut backs

The Blair Revolution originally, Labour committed to nationalization of the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy, and planned to put much of the rest under government control originally, Labour committed to nationalization of the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy, and planned to put much of the rest under government control pass benefits to working class, create a more equal and just society pass benefits to working class, create a more equal and just society little effect on public policy before 1945 little effect on public policy before 1945 later, set up planning boards nationalized dozens of key industries, especially unprofitable public services later, set up planning boards nationalized dozens of key industries, especially unprofitable public services

Blair, cont. by 60s, nationalized industries required massive subsidies, and bad planning left unions more powerful than ever by 60s, nationalized industries required massive subsidies, and bad planning left unions more powerful than ever welfare state (especially NHS)became more and more expensive welfare state (especially NHS)became more and more expensive pro: combined best aspects of socialism and market economy pro: combined best aspects of socialism and market economy con : ‘Thatcher lite” con : ‘Thatcher lite” Blair government able to redirect a lot of money to poor and to public services Blair government able to redirect a lot of money to poor and to public services Partly enabled by booming ecoomy Partly enabled by booming ecoomy Other important policy changes: welfare-to-work; cost of living increases for poor retirees; increase in minimum wage; increased income of bottom 2/5 th with no impact on wealthy Other important policy changes: welfare-to-work; cost of living increases for poor retirees; increase in minimum wage; increased income of bottom 2/5 th with no impact on wealthy Most ly occurred during 1 st Blair government, when popularity was high Most ly occurred during 1 st Blair government, when popularity was high

Britain is part of the EU, whose decisions have great impact on British economy Britain is part of the EU, whose decisions have great impact on British economy issues: issues: should England join the European Monetary Union and abandon the pound for the euro? should England join the European Monetary Union and abandon the pound for the euro? should England ratify the second draft constitution for the EU, which would be one step closer to a united states of Europe? should England ratify the second draft constitution for the EU, which would be one step closer to a united states of Europe?

(2) IRAQ (2) IRAQ first Gulf War uncontroversial: invasion of Kuwait was a clear violation of international law first Gulf War uncontroversial: invasion of Kuwait was a clear violation of international law support for USA after 9/11 acceptable support for USA after 9/11 acceptable second Iraq war more problematic : Blair stood behind the countries’ “special relationship” and took identical positions second Iraq war more problematic : Blair stood behind the countries’ “special relationship” and took identical positions dire domestic political implications dire domestic political implications

feedback TV and radio in Britain: very different from those in US TV and radio in Britain: very different from those in US Centralized, professional media Centralized, professional media BBC and independent broadcasters offer thorough political coverage BBC and independent broadcasters offer thorough political coverage most political information comes from national newspapers most political information comes from national newspapers some quality reporting, many tabloids some quality reporting, many tabloids many local papers with little national news and little influence many local papers with little national news and little influence TV: little local news TV: little local news