First Law of Thermodynamics

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Presentation transcript:

First Law of Thermodynamics Heat ADDED to system: Heat REMOVED from system: Work done ON system BY environment: Work done BY system ON environment: ADD heat to system or do work ON system: REMOVE heat from system or work done BY system:  INCREASE internal energy  DECREASE internal energy

Work Force PARALLEL to displacement: Force OPPOSITE to displacement: Volume INCREASE Volume DECREASE

(based on 20.27) The figure shows two processes, A and B, carried out on an ideal gas. Consider the following choices: A B Same Not enough information In which process was the amount of work done by the gas greater? In which process was the change in energy of the gas greater? In which process was the energy transferred thermally to the gas greater?

What are Won, Qin, and DEint for this process? Using a P-V diagram Consider a monatomic ideal gas, that begins at an initial pressure and volume of 200 kPa and 0.01 m3 . The pressure and the volume of the gas are reduced as shown in the P-V diagram, to a final pressure and volume of 100 kPa and 0.005 m3. P, kPA 200 100 V, m3 What are Won, Qin, and DEint for this process? .005 0.01  Area under curve = Area of rectangle + Area of Triangle = –0.75 kJ = +0.75 kJ Don’t forget the First Law! = –2.25 kJ – (+0.75 kJ) = –3.0 kJ = –2.25 kJ Was heat added or removed during this process?

Constant Volume Process  NO WORK DONE (monatomic) Ideal Gas Processes – Special Case P V  Area under curve Constant Volume Process  NO WORK DONE

Constant Pressure Process (monatomic) Ideal Gas Processes – Special Case P V

NO CHANGE IN INTERNAL ENERGY Constant Temperature Process (monatomic) Ideal Gas Processes – Special Case Iso Thermal P V Isothermal Process  NO CHANGE IN INTERNAL ENERGY

Adiabat (Isentrope) STEEPER than Isotherm (through same point) Isentropic (Adiabatic) Process (monatomic) Ideal Gas Processes – Special Case Consider adiabatic expansion of gas: V P Vi Vf Isotherm (high T) Isotherm (low T) Adiabat Adiabat (Isentrope) STEEPER than Isotherm (through same point)

(based on 20.58) A sample of diatomic gas (d = 5, g = 5/3) begins in the state 1 shown on the PV diagram and ends in the state 3. Determine everything you can about states, changes in states, and processes.