How Cells Divide Chapter 10.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bacterial cell Septum Bacterial chromosome: Double-stranded.
Advertisements

Ways Cells Divide.
How Cells Divide Chapter 10.
Section 10.2 (Pg ): The Process of Cell Division
How Cells Divide Chapter 9. 2 Bacterial Cell Division Bacteria divide by binary fission. -the single, circular bacterial chromosome is replicated -replication.
Mitosis.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 10.
Mitosis n Mitosis is the process by which new cells are generated. n Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells.
10.2 The Process of Cell Division
The Cell Cycle Chapter 12. Mitosis  Cell division  Produce 2 daughter cells  Same genetic information.
The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9.
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle.
Chapter 12: Cell Cycle I. The key roles of cell division
The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Mitosis and Asexual Cell Division John Ireland, Ph.D.
How Cells Divide Chapter 11.
copyright cmassengale
Cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis. Cell Growth and Division Cells can grow at astonishing rates. Some cells, like E-coli, can double their volume in 30.
Brain Pop When something divides, what happens to it?
Cell Division and Mitosis Chapter 10. Prokaryotic Cell Division Bacterial cells reproduce by Binary Fission Much simpler process than in eukaryotic organisms.
Cell Division Mitosis. Chromosomes  Eukaryotes  Found in the nucleus  Contain most of the genes  Made up of two sister chromatids, joined by a centromere.
Cell Division Chapter 11 AP. Division in Prokaryotes Binary Fission – Lack a nucleus – Circular DNA attached to plasma membrane – At replication site.
Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9.
The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction. Outline  Interphase  Mitotic Stage  Cell Cycle Control  Apoptosis  Mitosis  Mitosis in Animal Cells 
How Cells Divide Chapter 10. Prokaryotic Chromosome Prokaryotes typically have only one chromosome This chromosome contains all of the genes required.
Chapter 12. Cell Division – Why? Growth Repair Reproduction.
The Cell Cycle Chapter 12. When do cells divide?  Reproduction  Replacement of damaged cells  Growth of new cells  In replacement and growth cell.
Chapter 9 – Cellular Reproduction
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 10 LECTURE SLIDES To run the animations you must be.
1 How Cells Divide Chapter Outline Cell Division in Prokaryotes Discovery of Chromosomes Structure of Chromosomes Phases of the Cell Cycle Interphase.
How Cells Divide – Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis Ch. 10. Why Divide? Growth of organism Repairs Reproduction Genetic Variation 2 Types: Mitosis: – Parent cell produces genetically identical diploid.
CELL CYCLE CHAPTER 12. Figure 12.0 Mitosis Figure 12.1a The functions of cell division: Reproduction.
Chromosomes Diploid: contains 2 sets of chromosomes  Body cells, 2n Haploid: contains 1 set of chromosomes  Gametes, sex cells, n Sister chromatids-
10.2 The Process of Cell Division
Cell Division and Mitosis
How Cells Divide Chapter Bacterial Cell Division Bacteria divide by binary fission: -the single, circular bacterial chromosome is replicated; -replication.
Section 8.2 Summary – pages Cells divide to make a new identical cell. Warm Up: According to the cell theory, where do all cells come from?
……………………………………………....  Reproduction is a characteristic of life.  Reproduction of individuals depends on the reproduction at the cellular layer Carina.
Cellular Reproduction The Cell Cycle & Mitosis. 9 - Ch.9 – Cellular Reproduction 9.1 – Cellular Growth.
The Cell Cycle.
Cells divide during mitosis and cytokinesis. Cells that make up the “body” of an organism 2.
Chapter 10 How Cell Divide Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CELL GROWTH & DIVISION Sapling 3.4 Cell Cycle & Mitosis CP Biology Paul VI Catholic High School.
Cell Cycle and Cancer. What you need to know Structure of chromosome and chromatin Phases of the cell cycle Stages of Mitosis Differences in plant and.
1 Cell Reproduction. 2 Types of Cell Reproduction Asexual reproduction involves a single cell dividing to make 2 new, identical daughter cells Asexual.
Cellular Division.
THE CELL CYCLE: CELL DIVISION BY MITOSIS CH 12 In order for life to continue, cells must reproduce mx8itzrdV7I.
Cell Division and Mitosis Ch. 5. God’s Command to Nature Genesis God created all living things and gave them a command: “Be fruitful and multiply, fill.
CHAPTER 12  THE CELL CYCLE I. The key roles of cell division A. Reproduction 1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic a. Plants & some animals B. Development 1. Zygote.
Chapter 10 How Cells Divide Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple dividing into two equal halves) DNA copy is made.
Chapter 12. Genetic Material  Typical cell is ~2 m in length (~250,000x’s the length of the cell) Total genetic material (DNA) in the cell is it’s genome.
Cell Cycle *Cellular Division. Reproduction ●Asexual reproduction: generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent. Requires only.
Cell Reproduction PART 2: THE CELL CYCLE & MITOSIS.
 Chapter 12~ The Cell Cycle. 3 Key Roles of Cell Division  Reproduction  Growth and development  Tissue renewal and repair.
Cell Division and Differentiation
CHAPTER 10 LECTURE SLIDES
Cellular Division.
Chromosomes Diploid: contains 2 sets of chromosomes Body cells, 2n
Creating Identical Body Cells
The Cell Cycle Chapter 12 Unit 4.
The Cell Cycle.
How Cells Divide.
Cellular Division.
Cellular Division (Mitosis)
How Cells Divide MITOSIS
The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
How Cells Divide-Mitosis
CELL CYCLE Mitosis.
Cell Division and Mitosis
Presentation transcript:

How Cells Divide Chapter 10

Bacterial Cell Division Bacteria divide by binary fission. -the single, circular bacterial chromosome is replicated -replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally -new chromosomes are partitioned to opposite ends of the cell -a septum forms to divide the cell into 2 cells

Eukaryotic Chromosomes -linear chromsomes -every species has a different number of chromosomes -composed of chromatin – a complex of DNA and proteins -heterochromatin – not expressed -euchromatin – expressed regions

Eukaryotic Chromosomes Chromosomes are very long and must be condensed to fit within the nucleus. -nucleosome – DNA wrapped around a core of 8 histone proteins -nucleosomes are spaced 200 nucleotides apart along the DNA -further coiling creates the 30-nm fiber or solenoid

Eukaryotic Chromosomes The solenoid is further compacted: -radial loops are held in place by scaffold proteins -scaffold of proteins is aided by a complex of proteins called condensin karyotype: the particular array of chromosomes of an organism

Eukaryotic Chromosomes Chromosomes must be replicated before cell division. -Replicated chromsomes are connected to each other at their kinetochores -cohesin – complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together -sister chromatids: 2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle The eukaryotic cell cycle has 5 main phases: 1. G1 (gap phase 1) 2. S (synthesis) 3. G2 (gap phase 2) 4. M (mitosis) 5. C (cytokinesis) The length of a complete cell cycle varies greatly among cell types. interphase

Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Interphase Interphase is composed of: G1 (gap phase 1) – time of cell growth S phase – synthesis of DNA (DNA replication) - 2 sister chromatids are produced G2 (gap phase 2) – chromosomes condense

Interphase Following S phase, the sister chromatids appear to share a centromere. In fact, the centromere has been replicated but the 2 centromeres are held together by cohesin proteins. Proteins of the kinetochore are attached to the centromere. Microtubules attach to the kinetochore.

Interphase During G2 the chromosomes undergo condensation, becoming tightly coiled. Centrioles (microtubule-organizing centers) replicate and one centriole moves to each pole.

Mitosis Mitosis is divided into 5 phases: 1. prophase 2. prometaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase

Mitosis Prophase: -chromosomes continue to condense -centrioles move to each pole of the cell -spindle apparatus is assembled -nuclear envelope dissolves

Mitosis Prometaphase: -chromosomes become attached to the spindle apparatus by their kinetochores -a second set of microtubules is formed from the poles to each kinetochore -microtubules begin to pull each chromosome toward the center of the cell

Mitosis Metaphase: -microtubules pull the chromosomes to align them at the center of the cell -metaphase plate: imaginary plane through the center of the cell where the chromosomes align

Mitosis Anaphase: -removal of cohesin proteins causes the centromeres to separate -microtubules pull sister chromatids toward the poles -in anaphase A the kinetochores are pulled apart -in anaphase B the poles move apart

Mitosis Telophase: -spindle apparatus disassembles -nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids -chromosomes begin to uncoil -nucleolus reappears in each new nucleus

Cytokinesis Cytokinesis – cleavage of the cell into equal halves -in animal cells – constriction of actin filaments produces a cleavage furrow -in plant cells – plasma membrane forms a cell plate between the nuclei -in fungi and some protists – mitosis occurs within the nucleus; division of the nucleus occurs with cytokinesis

Control of the Cell Cycle The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints: 1. G1/S checkpoint -the cell “decides” to divide 2. G2/M checkpoint -the cell makes a commitment to mitosis 3. late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint -the cell ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

Control of the Cell Cycle cyclins – proteins produced in synchrony with the cell cycle -regulate passage of the cell through cell cycle checkpoints cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) – enzymes that drive the cell cycle -activated only when bound by a cyclin

Control of the Cell Cycle At G1/S checkpoint: -G1 cyclins accumulate -G1 cyclins bind with Cdc2 to create the active G1/S Cdk -G1/S Cdk phosphorylates a number of molecules that ultimately increase the enzymes required for DNA replication

Control of the Cell Cycle At the spindle checkpoint: -the signal for anaphase to proceed is transmitted through anaphase-promoting complex (APC) -APC activates the proteins that remove the cohesin holding sister chromatids together

Control of the Cell Cycle Growth factors: -can influence the cell cycle -trigger intracellular signaling systems -can override cellular controls that otherwise inhibit cell division platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) triggers cells to divide during wound healing

Control of the Cell Cycle Cancer is a failure of cell cycle control. Two kinds of genes can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated: 1. tumor-suppressor genes 2. proto-oncogenes

Control of the Cell Cycle Tumor-suppressor genes: -prevent the development of many cells containing mutations -for example, p53 halts cell division if damaged DNA is detected -p53 is absent or damaged in many cancerous cells

Control of the Cell Cycle Proto-oncogenes: -some encode receptors for growth factors -some encode signal transduction proteins -become oncogenes when mutated -oncogenes can cause cancer when they are introduced into a cell