Energy Transformation The process of energy changing from one form to another

Example  This process is happening all the time in the world around us and even in us.  When we consume food our body utilizes the chemical energy in the bonds of the food and transforms it into mechanical energy, a new form of chemical energy or thermal energy.

physical sciences application. The ability for energy to be transformed automates, lights, entertains, and warms our world in an astounding multitude of ways.

common activities illustrations 1.An engine, such as the engine in your car, converts the chemical energy of gasoline and oxygen into the mechanical energy of engine movement.

Another illustration 2. A light bulb changes the electrical potential energy into electromagnetic radiation (light and heat).

Even another illustration 3. Windmills harness the energy of the wind and convert it into mechanical energy in the movement of the turbine blades, which is then converted to electrical energy.

Last of many more  4. Solar panels transform light to electricity OR to heat (solar-cooker)

Matter and Energy There are 4 fundamental states of matter: solid, liquid, gas and plasma. We will concern ourselves only with the first three since the plasma state does not occur commonly in on Earth. (Although it is the most common state in the universe, in stars)

Matter Solid In solids, molecules are tightly packed together. The molecules of a solid do move, however their movement is very limited.

Matter Liquid As you add energy to ice in the form of heat, you increase the amount of movement by each molecule. This movement eventually causes the solid ice to turn into liquid water

Energy Transfer Energy can be transferred from one location to another, as in the sun's energy travels through space to Earth. The two ways that energy can be transferred are by doing work and heat transfer.

Doing Work Adding energy to an object by pushing If a force is exerted and the object moves as a result, then work is done

Doing Work Energy can be transferred from one object to another by doing work. When work is done on an object, it results in a change in the object's motion (more specifically, Energy is often defined as the ability to do work. Work equals force multiplied by distance. change in the object's kinetic energy). Work = Force x distance

Heat Transfer

More about Heat Transfer Heat is transferred when thermal energy moves from warmer to colder. Thermal energy can be transferred in three ways: by conduction, by convection, and by radiation.

The Transfer Process Conduction Conduction is the transfer of energy from one molecule to another Sort of like direct contact in pool.

More about transfer This transfer occurs when molecules hit against each other, similar to a game of pool where one moving ball strikes another, causing the second to move. Conduction takes place in solids, liquids, and gases, but works best in materials that have simple molecules that are located close to each other. For example, metal is a better conductor than wood or plastic.

Convection Convection is the movement of heat by a liquid such as water or a gas such as air. The liquid or gas moves from one location to another, carrying heat along with it. This movement of a mass of heated water or air is called a current.

Radiation Heat travels from the sun by a process called radiation. Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves. When infrared rays strike a material, the molecules in that material move faster. In addition to the sun, light bulbs, irons, and toasters radiate heat

Thermal (Heat) Energy Heat is given off whenever energy is being used. You can tell if a television has been on by feeling if it is warm. When you run up a flight of stairs you feel warm because you are burning food energy.

D4 : Energy Transformation among voltage, current, and resistance Simple series circuit.Simple Series Circuit Diagram

Series Circuits When you flip a light switch on and off, you are closing and opening a circuit. A circuit is the path that electricity follows. For electrons to travel (creating an electric current), the circuit must be closed. When you flip the light switch off, you are opening the circuit and the lights turn off. When you flip the switch on, the circuit it closed and the lights come on.

Series Circuit VOLTAGE Electromotive force, or EMF (sometimes called electrical pressure) causes the electrons to move in an electrical circuit.It is the force that makes electrons move in a certain direction within a conductor. But how do we create this “electrical pressure” to generate electron flow? There are many sources of EMF. Some of the more common ones are: batteries and generators, just to name a few.

The Volt Technically (very technically), one volt is defined as the electrostatic difference between two points when one joule of energy is used to move one coulomb of charge from one point to the other.

Current electrical current will flow as the electron moves from the negatively charged area to the positively charged area EMF is electromotive force. EMF causes the electrons to move in a particular direction. EMF is measured in units called volts.

Resistance Define resistance and how we measure it. Discuss the similarities between resistance in a wire and the resistance in a water hose. Ohms:Resistance is a term that describes the forces that oppose the flow of electron current in a conductor Resistance is also good because it gives us a way to shield ourselves from the harmful energy of electricity

OHM’s Law Calculate the amount of electric current in a circuit using Ohm's law. OHM'S LAW I = V/R, I = current, V = voltage, and R = resistance V = I x R R = V/I

D5: Electricity Energy Transformation Electricity is a term used to describe the energy produced (usually to perform work) when electrons are caused to directional (not randomly) flow from atom to atom. In fact, the day-to-day products that we all benefit from, rely on the movement of electrons. This movement of electrons between atoms is called electrical current.

Electricity Energy Transformation to heat, light, and motion Transformation to Heat Transformation to Light Transformation to Motion