BLOOD TYPING. BLOOD EVIDENCE  Blood typing is class evidence.  It does not prove guilt because many people share the same blood type.  However, it.

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Presentation transcript:

BLOOD TYPING

BLOOD EVIDENCE  Blood typing is class evidence.  It does not prove guilt because many people share the same blood type.  However, it can exclude a suspect.  In the early 1900’s Karl Landsteiner discovered that peoples blood did not always mix freely.  The presence or absence of particular proteins found in the cell or within the plasma membrane of red blood cells determines a person’s blood type.  An antibody reaction test is used to determine the blood type.

42% 12% 3% 43% of the population in the United States

A AND B PROTEINS A and B proteins are found on the surface of red blood cells. If a person contains the A protein, then they will have Type A blood. If a person contains the B protein, then they will have Type B blood. If a person has both the A and B protein, then they will have Type AB blood. If a person does not have either blood protein, then they will have Type O blood.

RH FACTOR Alexander Weiner (1940) found another type of blood protein while working with Rhesus monkeys. This is known as the Rh factor. 85% of the human population has this blood protein. If you have this protein the Rh factor is designated as Rh+. If you do not have this protein the Rh factor is designated as Rh- Therefore, a person’s blood type is based on whether or not they have the A, B and Rh proteins.

ANTIBODIES B-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) secrete antibodies. These antibodies are Y-shaped and bind to the molecular shape of antigens (foreign invaders). The antibodies recognize the antigens as a foreign substance. The antibodies and antigens fit like puzzle pieces.

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY RESPONSE  The antigen-antibody response-is when a foreign invader is recognized by the immune system.  Explanation: If a person with blood type B is given a blood transfusion with blood type A then foreign type A antigens alerts the immune system.  Our body responds in two ways:  1. A lymphocyte makes specific antibodies against that protein.

 These will be Y-shaped and have a specific binding site that attach to the A protein. 2. Another white blood cell called a phagocyte will be released to engulf the invader. Remember Antigens determine your blood type. Ex: If you have blood type A you will have anti-B antibodies. Terminology: Agglutinogens are antigens Agglutinins are antibodies.

BLOOD TYPE CHART Blood Type Can Give Blood To Can Receive Blood From AA, ABO, A BB, ABO, B AB O, A, B, AB O O