Planning in production systems Slovak University of Technology Faculty of Material Science and Technology in Trnava

Planning in production systems Production and control planning – tasks oriented on customer order map out production control and for process production coordination of its flow to fulfill its realization in optimal relations. One of the fundamental functions of plant – control function – plan, organize, control and coordinate all next functions.

Market requirements:  broad product diversification  short delivery dates  low prices  innovations at high quality

Operational management basis Organisation has justification only when it is satisfying the customer needs. Result of the organisation activity is so-called “serduct” (what is satisfying the customer), which may be:  material (product)  non-material (service, information etc.). Customer:  may be situated outside but also inside the organization too  may want the product or to be user of „the system“  has necessity

Each organization can be then represented as the hierarchy of input/output diagrams Figure 1: Input/output diagram Suply Transformation Distribution Analysis and integration Identification and prognostication Customer Production inputs The plan of source necessity Prognosis Needs SerductOutputs

Mentioned activities can be merged into two big groups:  marketing part  operational (production) part Marketing Production Marketing Production increasing fruitfulness decreasing feasibility Figure 2: Marketing and production part of the organization

Production part includes own transformation process - i.e. process which transforms inputs to outputs. vzor textu Input – all what enter the process (e.g. material, energy, work etc.) Figure 3: Transformation process example

Control levels (hierarchy) Strategic control level - top management – strategic decision-making to the future -> plans for 5 to 20 years – long time targets Executive control level - executive management -> plans for 1 to 2 years. Operational management -> 1 to 3 months – job control Production units Workplaces Activator

Character of the plans and its determination is different for each level – top down – shortening time of realization and request instantiation. To control as a activity is needed:  planning (plan creation, target definition)  regulation  feedback (evidence of trajectory and regulation intervention). There can occur following events by control:  required state does not correspond with real -> the control does not change - ideal state  required state does not correspond with real -> we try to minimalize the aberrance by regulation to approximate to required state, eventually it is necessary to change the plan.

Groups of factors affecting Production and Operations Management Definition: Production and Operations Management ("POM") is about the transformation of production and operational inputs into "outputs" that, when distributed, meet the needs of customers. Figure 4: Conversion Process

Product Marketers in a business must ensure that a business sells products that meet customer needs and wants. The role of Production and Operations is to ensure that the business actually makes the required products in accordance with the plan. The role of PRODUCT in POM therefore concerns areas such as:  Performance  Aesthetics  Quality  Reliabilit  Quantity  Production costs  Delivery dates

Plant To make PRODUCT, PLANT of some kind is needed. This will comprise the bulk of the fixed assets of the business. In determining which PLANT to use, management must consider areas such as:  Future demand (volume, timing)  Design and layout of factory, equipment, offices  Productivity and reliability of equipment  Need for (and costs of) maintenance  Heath and safety (particularly the operation of equipment)  Environmental issues (e.g. creation of waste products)

Processes There are many different ways of producing a product. Management must choose the best process, or series of processes. They will consider:  Available capacity  Available skills  Type of production  Layout of plant and equipment  Safety  Production costs  Maintenance requirements

Programmes The production PROGRAMME concerns the dates and times of the products that are to be produced and supplied to customers. The decisions made about programme will be influenced by factors such as:  Purchasing patterns (e.g. lead time)  Cash flow  Need for / availability of storage  Transportation

People Production depends on PEOPLE, whose skills, experience and motivation vary. Key people- related decisions will consider the following areas:  Wages and salaries  Safety and training  Work conditions  Leadership and motivation  Unionization  Communication

Figure 5: Production and Operations Management