CHAPTER 4: MEETING THE NEEDS OF ALL STUDENTS Response to Intervention by Nathan Bryant, Samantha Hayden, James Hayden, and Eric Williams EDU 310 – Teaching and Assessing Students w/ Disabilities in Urban 5-12 Classrooms Metropolitan State University

Introduction Activity (Hypothetical) Johnny Sally Jose Jane Three out of the four described students should be referred as a possible student with a learning disability; who are they? Through consultation and collaboration (as we are doing as a class), educators can ensure that, “no child is left behind” by identifying the students with a learning disability.

Educational Diversity Introductory Activity is an example of “educational diversity.” All our students are different, but …. “No Child Left Behind” Early Identification of Students with a Learning Disability Response to Intervention (RTI)

Supports eligibility determination of students with learning disabilities; Early Identification; Promotes early identification of students at risk for academic failure; Replaced the “Wait to Fail” Model.

Benefits of RTI Enhances instruction and offers a renewed emphasis on “best practice” instruction for all students. Tailored instruction directly toward any identified academic deficits of students. Increased understanding of the academic skills of each student in the classroom. Promotes the collaboration efforts of the general and special education teachers.

THE “VERY BASIC” STEPS OF RTI Implement schoolwide screening measures (e.g., DIBELS and AIMSweb). Benchmark Screenings (Fall/Winter/Spring). Determine the needs of the students from the collected data. Follow the three-tier system to make decisions regarding interventions that can be made. Determine the effectiveness of the chosen implemented intervention. If intervention shows, from progress monitoring data, no sign of student progress, change the intervention.

Targeted Group Intervention (General Education Classroom with Support) (Title 1, Reading Specialist) ▪ Some students (at-risk) ▪ High efficiency ▪ Rapid response Universal Intervention (General Education Classroom) ▪ All settings ▪ All students ▪ Preventative ▪ Proactive 5%-10% Monitor Weekly Tier 3 10%-15% Monitor Monthly Tier 2 75%-85% Monitor Fall/Winter/Spring Benchmark Screening Tier 1 Intensive Individual Intervention (Special Education) ▪ Individual students ▪ Assessment- and IEP-driven ▪ High intensity ▪ Longer duration Three-Tier System Adapted from The General Educator’s Guide to Special Education (Maanum, 2009, p. 172).

Intervention Strategies Tier 1 or 2 placement (general education teacher). Difficult decisions regarding specific interventions or strategies to attempt with a student (problem solving team). Interventions do include the behavioral and social areas (effects academics). Interventions (less restrictive to more restrictive). Jim Wright’s Web site ( is for intervention ideas.

Behavioral Interventions Unstructured times of the day; Beginning the lesson promptly at the start of class; Well-organized lesson; Ungraded assignment; Characteristics of the ungraded assignment; What the ungraded assignment allows for.

WAYS TO AVOID SIGNIFICANT BEHAVIORAL OUTBREAKS

Examples of Behavioral Interventions Positive Reinforcement Examples of positive reinforcement in the classroom; Some additional suggestions for positive reinforcement. Classroom Incentives Ticket Earning; Objects in a Jar. Assertive Discipline Color-Coded Cards; Numbered Cards; Token Economy and Response. Time-Out and Time Away Actions taken for Time-Out and Time Away; Tips for Time-Out and Time Away.

Behavior Management Strategies Proximity Control; Preventative Cueing; Self-Monitoring; Planned Ignoring; Behavior Contracts.

Additional Reading On-line Article (No More "Waiting to Fail“ by Rachel Brown-Chidsey) - %C2%A3Waiting-to-Fail%C2%A3.aspx %C2%A3Waiting-to-Fail%C2%A3.aspx On-line Article (What are DIBELS?: Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills by Roland H. Good, III, PhD and Ruth A. Kaminski, PhD) On-line Article (aimsweb Products and Services by NCS Pearson Copyright © 2014) -

Resources for RTI “The RTI Toolkit: A Practical Guide for School” by Jim Wright; and, “Response to Intervention: A Practical Guide for Every Teacher” by William N. Bender and Cara Shores. Jim Wright’s Web site ( is a site for teachers who are looking for ideas and interventions to assist with promoting progress and growth in students. Intervention Integrity Intervention integrity checklists.

Conclusion “The federal government has now allowed students to be classified with learning disabilities based on documentation of how well the student responds to interventions – a procedure, as described by Bender and Shores (2007), commonly referred to as “RTI” or Response to Intervention” (p. 95). “Children in the schools can no longer be thought of as your kids and my kids, but they need to all be considered our kids.” In Review; a you tube movie: Response to Intervention: A Tiered Approach to Instructing All Students copyright by atlasinitiative.org.

References aimsweb (2014). aimsweb products and services. NCS Pearson, Inc. Retrieved from Brown-Chidsey, R. (2009). No more "waiting to fail." ASCD. Retrieved from Fail%C2%A3.aspx Good III Ph.D., R. H., & Kaminski Ph.D., R. A. (2015). What are DIBELS?: Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills. Dynamic Measurement Group, Inc. Retrieved from Maanum, J. (2009). The general educator’s guide to special education (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin. RTI: A Tiered Intervention Framework. (2015). [you tube movie accessed September 27, 2015]. RTI data accessed from atlasinitiative.org. Retrieved from