Indian Satellites for Applications in Agriculture Dr Jai Singh Parihar Space Applications Centre Indian Space Research Organisation Ahmedabad , INDIA Workshop G 1.1: Food Security (GEOGLAM-Asia RiCE) and Crop Monitoring (APRSAF-SAFE) in 34 rd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Bali, Indonesia, October 19-24, 2013

India: Resources & Challenges Resources 3.29 M sq km Geographical Area 1.41M sq km Net Sown Area 88 cm (+/- 85 mm) rainfall (LTA) 8500 km 3 Glaciers % Forest Cover >7% of world’s biodiversity 7516 km long Coastline 7.6 M ha Wetlands 1.2 B Population Challenges Low Agricultural Productivity (1.7 vs 2.4 t/ha) Accelerated Land Degradation (50%) Reducing Forest Cover (closed forest 11%), Biodiversity Degrading Coastal Resources Disaster-prone (Drought prone – 190 Mha) Changing Mass Balance/ Uncertainty about water availability Health Divide: Rural to Urban) Education Divide (Literacy: Rural tp Urban) Bhuvan, ISRO

3 Indian Agriculture: Monsoon, Irrigation and Physiography Mean annual rainfall (cm) Monsoon onset normal dates Rainy days ( >= 2.5mm/day) Physiogra phy Command Area Monsoon withdrawal normal dates

Agriculture and Food Security Planning Agricultural Land Monitoring Agricultural Drought Assessment & Monitoring Horticultural Crop Area Estimation & Monitoring Cropping Systems Analysis Soil and Problem Soil Mapping & Monitoring Pest/ Disease Detection / Incidence Forecasting Inland fishery Development Command Area/Water ResourcesMonitoring Looking beyond India Crop Area Estimation & Production Forecast Journey So Far and Way Ahead in Geomatics Applications in Agriculture

Gullied Strongly Saline- sodic Soils 2 Moderately saline –sodic Soils Slightly saline – sodic soils February 1986February MHa MHa Wastelands and Watershed Development Increase area under agriculture Identify culturable wastelands/ marginal lands Monitoring wasteland development Increase cropping intensity/ diversity Improvised cropping practices like cultivation in Kharif/post- Kharif fallows Alternate Cropping Pattern Increase productivity Retention/improvement of soil fertility Precision Agriculture Increase area under HYVs Create supportive infrastructure Watershed Development

Water & Land Resources Action Plan Stakeholder’s Participation Check-dam Construction Watershed Development

Amangal Mandal Mahaboob Nagar Dist. Andhra Pradesh Down Stream 16 Feb ‘00 13 Feb ‘03 16 Feb ‘00 13 Feb ‘03 Up Stream PRE POST Water harvesting Impact Assessment on crops Watershed Development - Watershed Development - Monitoring

Inventory of wetlands, Surface water bodies Performance evaluation of irrigation commands Ground water prospecting/ recharge structures Glacier inventory, retreat Snowmelt run-off, snow physics Cascade of Tanks Karnataka -CategoryNumber Area (ha) Inland Wetlands - Natural Inland Wetlands -Man-made Total - Inland Coastal Wetlands - Natural Coastal Wetlands - Man- made Total - Coastal Sub-Total Wetlands (<2.25 ha)13864 Total Indian Wetlands :Total – 15.9 Mha Water Resources

Land Observations Two panchromatic ( mm) cameras Spatial resolution 2.5m and cover a swath 30 km Revisit : 5 days Along Track Stereo viewing (+26° / -5°) CARTOSAT-1 Hyper Spectral Imaging (HySI) 64 bands; Res. 505 m; Swath 130 Km nm range Multispectral Imaging (MX0) 4 bands (B, G, R, IR) 37 m resolution 151 km Swath IMS-1 CARTOSAT - 2/ 2A/ 2B Panchromatic camera; Step & Stare imaging; steerable along & across Spatial resolution: 0.8 m Swath of 9.6 km Revisit : 4 days Natural resources Mapping & Inventory Large scale mapping, DEM Cadastral Map; Urban/Rural Infrast. Resource mapping; spectral characterisations RESOURCESAT-2 LISS 4 (5.8 m & 70 km swath) LISS 3 (23m & 141 km swath) AWiFS (56 m & 800 km swath) Orbit : 800 km Local time: 1030 hrs

o 8-band OCM o Ku-Band Pencil beam Scatterometer with o Radio Occultation Sounder for Atmospheric studies (ROSA) OCEANSAT-2 Ocean and Atmosphere Observation CCD Camera Bands (µm) Visible : 0.62 – 0.68 Near Infra Red : 0.77 – 0.86 Short Wave IR : 1.55 – 1.69 Resolution: 1 km VHRR Bands (µm) Visible : 0.55 – 0.75 Water Vapour : 5.70 – 7.10 Thermal Infra Red : 10.5 – 12.5 Resolution : 2 km for Visible; 8 km for TIR KALPANA INSAT-3A

MEGHA-TROPIQUES Better understanding life cycles of tropical convective system Microwave Radiometer : MADRAS Earth Radiation Budget : SCARAB Humidity Profiler : SAPHIR Orbit : 867 km with inclination of 20 deg. INSAT-3D Improved understanding of weather systems 19 channel Sounder 6 Channel Imager (Visible, SWIR, MIR, WV and Two TIR channels) RISAT-1 Orbit : 560 km in sun- synchronous C band SAR 5.35 GHz frequency; 5 imaging modes Applications in agriculture, soil moisture, flood & water spread etc. New Missions -Ka-band Altimeter (~35.5GHz) -Dual frequency Radiometer (23.8/36.8 GHz) Polar - sun-synchronous; Inclination of Deg; Altitude ~800 km; Repeat cycle of 35 days SARAL Satellite with ARgos and Altika (ISRO-CNES Joint Mission Geostationary platform

Diurnal Long term Temporal Observation Temporal Observation Seasonal Annual 17 Jan.13 Feb17 Mar02 Apr 05 May25 May Landsat MSS, 1975 IRS LISS-III, Jan. 16, 2002 IRS LISS-III, Jan. 20, 2013

INSAT-3A CCD – INSAT 3A CCD 1km Nov 28, 2006

IRS-WiFS and AWiFS WiFS, 188m, 5daysAWiFS, 56m, 5days

LISS-IV

Baleshwar Bhadrak Baleshwar Bhadrak RISAT-1 CRS 14/10/2013 RISAT-1 MRS FCC 05/07, 12/08, 24/08/13 RiSAT-MRS Beam

Baleshwar Bhadrak Baleshwar Bhadrak RISAT-1 CRS 14/10/2013 RISAT-1 MRS FCC 05/07, 12/08, 24/08/13 Flood affected area as on 14/10/13 (Superimposed on image) RiSAT- MRS After the Phailin Cyclone

INSAT-3D Geophysical Products Pay LoadGeo-physical Parameters and products ImagerOutgoing Long wave Radiation (OLR) Quantitative Precipitation Estimate (QPE) Atmospheric Motion Vector (AMV) Upper Troposhare Humidity (UTH) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Land Surface Temperature (LST) Water Vapour Wind Vector Insolation Snow Cover Fog, Forest Fire, Smoke and Aerosol Identification Tropical Cyclone Position and Intensity Estimation SounderTemperature, Humidity Profile and Integrated Ozone Geo-potential Height (GH) Layer Precipitable Water Total Precipitable Water Lifted Index (Li) Wind Index (Wi) Dry Microburst Index (DMI) Potential Temperature Differential Ozone Estimate

Need for rapid assessment of weather IR Image, Oct 21, 0700 and 2300, Oct 22, 0300 and 0400Z

Forthcoming EO Missions o Multi-spectral 4 bands in VNIR (MX-VNIR): 50m Resolution o Hyper spectral VNIR ( um): 320m Resolution o Hyper spectral SWIR ( um): 192m Resolution o High resolution and Multi-spectral Thermal IR (TIR): 1.5km Resolution GISAT Geostationary platform o 12-band OCM o Two Thermal infrared bands to measure Sea Surface Temperature o Ku-Band Scatterometer OCEANSAT-3 RESOURCESAT-2A o Repeat of Resourcesat-2 mission o AWiFS: MX- Green, Red, NIR, SWIR with 56 m Resolution, 5-day Repetivity o LISS-III with 23.5 m Resolution and LISS-IV with 5.8 m Resolution

THANK YOU