Consequentialism (utilitarism). General description 'Consequentialist theories regard the moral value of actions, rules of conduct, and so on, as dependent.

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Presentation transcript:

Consequentialism (utilitarism)

General description 'Consequentialist theories regard the moral value of actions, rules of conduct, and so on, as dependent on their consequences. […] This end, which conveys value to actions and states of affairs, is itself regarded as intrinsically good, good as such, desirable for its own sake.' O. Kuusela, Key Terms in Ethics

Classical utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill - empirical theory of morality

Four principles of utilitarianism 1) Principle of consequences Moral value of the act depends solely on expected consequences of this act. 2) Principle of utility When evaluating possible consequences of the act, the criterion is utility - the good that the act brings. 3) Principle of hedonism (pleasure) The good that an act should bring is a pleasure (happiness) 4) Social principle What counts in moral considerations is not only an individual pleasure of an agent, but a happiness of every potentially involved person – 'the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people'

Principles of consequences and utility 1. How to calculate desirable and undesirable consequences? 2. Which consequences should we consider? Utilitarianism seems to establish an infinite responsibility

Principle of hedonism Empirical ground for utilitarian ethics How to define pleasure? The problem of a blank nature of this concept Quantitative vs. qualitative concept of pleasure

A problem of moral horror Can we avoid acts of injustice in the name of a common good? Act-utilitarism vs. Rule-utilitarism