Do Now Take Out HW Level-Up Quiz PLEASE NOTE: – I am NOT going over attraction, aggression, culture, or minority influence in class. Read these pages carefully and bring questions if you have them.

Attitudes and Actions Attitude –Central route persuasionCentral route persuasion –Peripheral route persuasionPeripheral route persuasion

Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon –start small and build Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon When have you used each of these?

Conformity and Obedience Chameleon effect Mood linkage

Indicate if you agree or disagree with each statement on a scale of World hunger is a serious problem that needs attention. 2. Our country needs to address the growing number of homeless. 3. The right to vote is one of the most valuable rights of American citizens. 4. Our government should spend less money on nuclear weapons and more on helping citizens better their lives.

Indicate if you FREQUENTLY perform each behavior by writing yes or no. 1. Do you personally do anything to lessen world hunger (e.g., donate money or food or write your representative)? 2. Do you personally do anything to help the homeless (e.g., volunteer at a homeless shelter or donate money)? 3. Did you vote in the last election for which you were eligible? 4. Do you personally convey your feelings to the government (e.g., by writing your representative or by participating in protests/marches)?

Talk to a Partner Do your statements about your beliefs and your actions match? How do you feel about this?

Attitudes and Actions Actions Affect Attitudes Cognitive Dissonance: Relief From Tension –Cognitive dissonance theoryCognitive dissonance theory –“Attitudes follow behavior”

Cognitive Dissonance =related

Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others Social Impairment Social Facilitation –Task difficulty –Expertise effects –Crowding effects

Social Facilitation = stronger responses on simple or well- learned tasks in the presence of others.

Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others Social Loafing –Reasons why? Less accountability View themselves as dispensable

Social Loafing = the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Group Influence Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others Deindividuation

= the loss of self-awareness and self- restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction Group PolarizationGroup Polarization

Group Polarization = the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups.

Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction Group PolarizationGroup Polarization

Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction Group PolarizationGroup Polarization

Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction Group PolarizationGroup Polarization

Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction Group PolarizationGroup Polarization

Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction Group PolarizationGroup Polarization

Group Influence Effects of Group Interaction Groupthink –Bay of Pigs –Challenger explosion

Groupthink = the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Prejudice How Prejudiced Are People? Prejudice Stereotype Discrimination

Prejudice Social Roots of Prejudice Social Inequalities Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup –Ingroup ( Ingroup bias)Ingroup Ingroup bias –OutgroupOutgroup Emotional roots of prejudice –Scapegoat theoryScapegoat theory –xxx

Robber’s Cave Experiment GgBwM GgBwM

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Robbers’ Cave: An Experiment in Conflict In the Robber’s Cave experiment, conflict between groups arose from an intensely competitive situation Cooperation, however, replaced conflict when the experimenters contrived situations that fostered mutual interdependence and common goals for the groups

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Robbers’ Cave: An Experiment in Conflict Superordinate Goals– A goal of higher importance. Individuals or groups must work together cooperatively to accomplish this goal.

Prejudice Cognitive Roots of Prejudice Categorization –Outgroup homogeneity –Other-race effectOther-race effect Vivid cases Just-world phenomenonJust-world phenomenon –Hindsight bias

Implicit Bias and the IAT Implicit Bias – more common today than overt bias or prejudice IAT used to measure this Does NOT indicate that you are racist or prejudiced, just that you have some pre- existing connections with certain groups based on what you have learned (Starts with informed consent, confidentiality)

Implicit.harvard.edu Go to demonstration tasks

6 Degrees of Separation Link the two terms I give you using OTHER social & research methods terms. You can also use terms from the history unit. Try to do this using as FEW words as is possible – your explanation must be clear and easily understandable to other people.

Concept Map Create a concept map using terms from the social psych and research methods unit. – Use AT LEAST one term from each box on the sheet – When connecting terms, write a brief explanation of WHY you link those terms together. – You can also use distinctions to separate terms. – Include as MANY terms as you can in the time given. – You may also add history terms if you would like

Cultural Influence Culture –Culture within animals –Culture in humans

Cultural Influence Variations Across Cultures Norm –Personal spacePersonal space –Pace of life

Cultural Influence Variation Over Time Changes over the generations

The Power of Individuals Social control vs personal control Minority influence

Social Relations

Aggression

Aggression The Biology of Aggression Genetic Influences Neural Influences Biochemical Influences

Aggression Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression Aversive Events –Frustration-aggression principleFrustration-aggression principle Fight or slight reaction Social and cultural influences –Aggression-replacement program

Aggression Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression Observing models of aggression –Rape myth Acquiring social scripts Do video games teach, or release violence? –Catharsis hypothesis?

Attraction The Psychology of Attraction Proximity –Mere exposure effectMere exposure effect Physical attractiveness Similarity –Reward theory of attraction

Attraction Romantic Love Love –Passionate lovePassionate love –Companionate loveCompanionate love Equity Self-disclosure

Biopsychosocial Understanding of Aggression

Teacher Information Types of Files – This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation – Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation – Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). – Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. – Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

Teacher Information Continuity slides – Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI

Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) xxx –xxx

Division title (green print) subdivision title ( blue print) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished

Definition Slide = add definition here

Definition Slides

Social Psychology = the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Attribution Theory = the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

Fundamental Attribution Error = the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Attitude = feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Central Route Persuasion = attitude change path in which interest people focus in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Peripheral Route Persuasion = attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon = the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Role = a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Social Loafing = the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory = the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Conformity = adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Normative Social Influence = influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Informational Social Influence = influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality.

Deindividuation = the loss of self-awareness and self- restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Group Polarization = the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups.

Groupthink = the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Culture = the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Norm = an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

Personal Space = the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

Prejudice = an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Stereotype = a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Discrimination = unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Ingroup = “Us” – people with whom we share a common identity.

Outgroup = “Them” – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Ingroup Bias = the tendency to favor our own group.

Scapegoat Theory = the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Other-race Effect = the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Just-World Phenomenon = the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Aggression = any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Frustration-aggression Principle = the principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Mere Exposure Effect = the phenomenon the repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Passionate Love = an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Companionate Love = the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Equity = a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Self-Disclosure = revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Altruism = unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Bystander Effect = the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Social Exchange Theory = the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Reciprocity Norm = an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them.

Social-Responsibility Norm = an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Conflict = a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Social Trap = a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self- interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Mirror-Image Perceptions = mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy = a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Superordinate Goals = shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

GRIT = Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction – a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.