The Cell Theory States: All living things are made of one or more cells A cell is the basic unit of structure & function in all living things All cell come from other living cells Cells are the smallest unit of life. Robert Hooke first described them as cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe living cells.

Cells have 2 Classifications ProkaryotesEukaryotes Illustration Definition Organisms that have cells without a true nucleus Definition Organisms that have cells with a membrane-bound nucleus

Animal Cell Eukaryotic Plant Cell Eukaryotic Bacterial Cell Prokaryotic  Animal cells have many membrane bound organelles.  The largest organelle is the nucleus where the DNA can be found.  Plant cells consist of Chloroplast which contains chlorophyll that is responsible for a plants green color and the process of photosynthesis.  Cell walls give the cell strength and structure  Central vacuoles are larger in the plant and water and other materials.  Bacteria have NO NUCLEUS. All genetic material floats free inside the cell  Flagella are the small tail-like structure use for movement. How are they different from each other?

Cell organelles have specific jobs What is the main job of each organelle? Cell membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell semipermeable Nucleus Controls cell activities Stores genetic information

Cell organelles have specific jobs What is the main job of each organelle? Ribosomes Synthesizes or Make proteins Endoplasmic reticulum Moves molecules within the cell

Cell organelles have specific jobs What is the main job of each organelle? Lysosomes Digest nutrients and old cell parts and waste Vesicles Used to transport materials Golgi apparatus Modifies and Packages proteins

Unicellular vs Multi-cellular UnicellularMulticellular Simpler organisms made of 1 cell Example: Bacteria More complex organisms than unicellular and made of many cells Example: Humans

Multicellular Organisms are Complex Organelles  cells  tissue  organs  organ system  organism Specialized Cells  Multicellular organisms have specialized cells  Cells are shaped according to their function Nerve cells: Transmit signals to brain Muscle cells: Responsible for movement Skin cells: protection

Cells Processes: GROWTH Growth causes cells to become bigger Cell size is limited! Cells size depends on what ratio? Surface to volume

Cells Processes: CELL DIVISION Cell Division Cell division causes cells to increase in number Cell division: Cells divided from one parent to form two (2) Identical daughter cells Mitosis – the cell nucleus divides to form 2 new nuclei. These cells will be identical (Cell Replacement) Meiosis – Goes through two phases and will result in 4 unique cells (Creation of a new organism) Remember: Interphase – cell grows and DNA is copied Prophase – Prepares to separate Metaphase – Chromosomes line up it the Middle Anaphase – Spindle fibers pull Away from one another Telophase – Now there are Two nuclei Cytokinesis – the cell’s cytoplasm divides

Cells Processes: ENERGY Cells are alive so they need energy to stay alive Cells use energy in what form? Sugar stored as Glucose also known as ATP Cells need what 4 macromolecules? LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, CARBOHYDRATES Through what process do plants get energy? Photosynthesis Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast through The chlorophyll Through what process do animal cells get energy? Cellular respiration (uses oxygen) Fermentation (does not use oxygen) Where in the cell do these to processes take place? mitochondria

A diverse group of microscopic organisms Most are unicellular and ALL are eukaryotic (have a nucleus) Three main groups determined by the way they get their energy Algae (plant like) Protozoa (animal like) Decomposer (fungus like) Type of cell: Unicellular Energy: photosynthesis Type of cell: Unicellular Energy: Eats other microbes Type of cell: Unicellular Energy: Absorption of materials Kingdom Protista

Protista Groups ProtistaStructureMovementEnergy/FoodSpecial Feature EuglenaUnicellularFlagellaFeeds on others, photosynthesis Eyespot VolvoxUnicellular Lives in colonies FlagellaMakes nutrients Photosynthesis chloroplasts ParameciumUnicellularCiliaFeeds on other organisms AmoebaUnicellularPseudopods They elongate Feeds on other organisms