Analytic Tools: Ensuring industry relevance for university-based R&D projects intending transfer. Joseph P. Lane & James Condron Center on Knowledge Translation for Technology Transfer School of Public Health & Health Professions University at Buffalo (SUNY) Funded by NIDILRR, ACL/DHHS PR# 90DP0054

What’s this session about? It’s about clarifying the role of government-sponsored and university-based R&D projects intending to benefit society by generating innovative products and services; For programs intending societal benefit, the role of university R&D is within the broader context of the commercial marketplace. Sponsors and Investigators must subordinate their own expertise and incentives to the requirements of industry. The key to successful transfers of university-based technology is prior to grant engagement of corporations, and providing evidence deemed valid by industry.

Public Support for Knowledge Creation Grant-based Scientific Research Programs – Exploration to discover new knowledge about physical world (science/medicine). Grant-based Scholarship → Peer System → Publish for Tenure. Contract R&D for Production Programs – Application of S&E to deliver specified products with national value (defense/energy): Contract Production → Performance Specs → Sell for Profit. - BOTH of t hese programs work well - because their respective expectations, systems and incentives are closely and properly aligned. Sponsored “R&D” for “S&T” Innovation – Generate S&E outputs for commercial exploitation to generate beneficial socio-economic impacts. Scholarly outputs for tenure ≠ Corporate requirements for profit -HYBRID programs have many problems because their expectations, systems and incentives are misaligned or even incongruent!

Hybrid Programs intending Impact United States – –All SBIR & STTR Programs; NSF – Engineering Research Centers (ERC); Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers (I/U CRC); Innovation Corps (I-Corp); NIH – Program on Public/Private Partnerships; NIST – Technology Innovation Program (TIP); DoEd – Rehabilitation Engineering Research Centers (RERC); Field Initiated Development (FID). Canada – –Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC); Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR). European Union – –Research Framework Programme; Innovation Framework Programme. Brazil – –Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation.

Key Points about Operational Issues Federal grant priority/review criteria do not fully reflect standard practices for engineering development, technology transfer and industry production activities. Academic Grantees and “Peer” reviewers focus attention and resources on research agenda – academic incentives. No Industry presence. Investigators do not reserve resources for critical downstream transfer activities, as they are unrelated to short-term focus on funding research to generate publications for T&P.

Hybrid Programs: 3 Different Methods yield 3 different Knowledge Outputs Scientific Research Method► Conceptual Discovery Engineering Development Method► Prototype Invention Industrial Production Method► Commercial Product

Issues for Three Methods Each Method has own rigor and jargon, and each output state is unique. Actors are trained and operate in one method and over-value that method. All methods are essential and inter- dependent. Academic & Government sectors dominate policy at expense of Industry.

Project Mission: Integrate Concepts  Knowledge embodied in three distinct states: Know role of Research, Development and Production methods in context of project – plan and budget accordingly.  Initiate with Industry engagement: Government and academia projects intended to benefit society fail to cross gaps to becoming market innovations.  Apply evidence-based framework: Links three methods, communicates knowledge in three states, and integrates key stakeholder who will determine eventual success.

Need to Knowledge (NtK) Model Orientation – Actors engaged in innovation “need to know”: Problem/Solution; Methods/Outputs; Stakeholder roles; and Goal in context of beneficial socio-economic impacts. Integration – Product Development Managers Association (PDMA) New Product Development practices (implementation); Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Knowledge to Action Model (communication). Validation – Stage-Gate structure populated with supporting evidence (1,000+ excerpts) from scoping review of academic and industry literature 1985 – 2010, along with case studies drawn from author’s experience transferring 50+ inventions.

Need to Knowledge (NtK) Model for Technological Innovations

NtK Model helps explain where Market Innovations come from: Clarifies processes and mechanisms underlying technology-based Innovation, by integrating academic & industry literature. Establishes linkages between three distinct methods and their respective knowledge outputs for implementation/communication. Offers structure to sponsors & grantees for program/project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Problem: NtK Model lacked details on Technical, Business & Marketing Analysis These analyses are required throughout all three Phases, while most Grantees are only familiar with a sub-set of them. Technical, market and customer analyses address three different yet equally critical issues for technological innovation. Knowing what you don’t know but need to do is critical to creating a successful transfer team.

Ireland/USA Partnership Dr. James Condron & Professor Eugene Coyle – School of Engineering, Dublin Institutes of Technology. Dr. Gerald Craddock & James Hubbard, National Disability Association, Ireland. Joseph Lane, Jennifer Flagg & Michelle Lockett, University at Buffalo, USA.

NtK Model’s Toolbox Go to tools for Technical, Marketing and Customer Analyses

Five Competency Categories Electrical/electronic engineering tools: measurement systems, design and testing systems and mass manufacturing tools. Material science tools: required to make the choice for a particular manufacturing material or to examine the characteristics of a potential material. Mechanical engineering tools: encompasses the generation and application of heat and mechanical power and the design, production, and use of machines and tools. Business tools: such as quantifying customer requirements, benchmarking, marketing tools, business feasibility, process improvement and return on investment. Inclusive/Universal Design tools: to ensure that the widest possible audience will be considered in the design process, regardless of age, size, ability or disability.

Type/Range of Tools

Distribution of 79 Tools by Group

Screen Image of Tool Summary

Related Publications Flagg, JA, Lockett, MM, Condron J & Lane, JP (2015). “Tools for analysis in Assistive Technology research, development and production.” Assistive Technology Outcomes and Benefits, 9, 1, Flagg, J, Lane, J., & Lockett M. (2013) “Need to Knowledge (NtK) Model: An Evidence-based Framework for Generating Technology-based Innovations.” Implementation Science, 8, 21, Stone, V. & Lane J (2012). “Modeling the Technology Innovation Process: How the implementation of science, engineering and industry methods combine to generate beneficial socio-economic impacts.” Implementation Science, 7, 1, Lane, J & Flagg, J. (2010) “Translating 3 States of Knowledge: Discovery, Invention & Innovation.” Implementation Science, 5, 1,

 Issues in Science, Technology & Innovation Policies.  Three States of Knowledge – Origins, Relationships & Transitions.  Comprehensive Model of Technological Innovation.  Tools for Effective Knowledge Translation.  Tools for Successful Technology Transfer.  Tools for Achieving Invention Commercialization.  Market Research Resources.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The contents were created under a cooperative agreement from the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (#90DP0054). NIDILRR is a Center within the Administration for Community Living (ACL), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The contents do not necessarily represent the policy of NIDILRR, ACL, HHS, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.