BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY Daphne G. Fautin Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and KU Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center The 2003 National NVODS Workshop 11 September 2003

Electronic data are essential in addressing important oceanographic questions among them those involving ecology including biodiversity and biogeography

Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

May explain organism distribution but does not show organisms

“Two beautiful SeaWiFS satellite images of blooms off Newfoundland in the western Atlantic, the left-hand on 21st July 1999, the right-hand one on 16th July 2000.”

“Two more stunning SeaWiFS satellite images of a probable (no ships have ever taken water samples to confirm them there) coccolithophore bloom cradling the Falkland Islands (Patagonian Shelf), the left-hand one on 29th November 1999, the right-hand one two weeks later on 13th December. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE.”

Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

Current Potential Coral Reef Bleaching Hot Spots

DID CORALS BLEACH ?? WHICH TAXA ?? TO WHAT EXTENT ?? TO WHAT DEPTH ??

biologically meaningful questions involving biogeography and biodiversity environmental data AND data on distribution of (identified) organisms

Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

DISCONTINUOUS (DISCRETE) HETEROGENEOUS

SENSORS For remote identification Futuristic Require calibration (e.g. to know DNA signature of a species)

TAG is the Atlantic counterpart of TOPP (Tagging of Pacific Pelagics), a project of the Census of Marine Life (CoML)

Oceanographic data acquired electronically Lack taxonomic resolution Differ fundamentally from biological data Lack historical dimension To put into electronic form taxonomically and geographically resolved data Requires human intervention In the field In museums In publication/capture from publication Is no more costly than remote sensing Is essential to many scientific and societal issues

SOURCES OF DATA on identified, georeferenced organisms – back in time MUSEUM SPECIMENS PUBLISHED LITERATURE

Expenses the community has agreed to share Sensing and receiving equipment Development Installation Maintenance Data Processing Serving Archiving

An On-line Atlas of Marine Diversity DATA REPOSITORY FOR CoML

New Field Projects What does live in the oceans? History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) What did live in the oceans? Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) What will live in the oceans? Data Storage and Serving Infrastructure (OBIS) Ocean Biogeographic Information System Census of Marine Life Components

ICES IOCWESTPAC GBIF GOOS OBIS CoML HMAP 7 Field Projects FMAP PICES SCORWG UNEPWCMC GLOBEC IABO POGOCoMLLINKSSCOR CI

The OBIS portal is creating online access to: species distribution records of high taxonomic quality; and the tools needed to use data effectively for research, management and education network tools and models research and education center data requests and searches

What / where ECONOMIC fisheries areas (open and closed) dive sites CONSERVATION invasive species protected areas ACADEMIC centers of diversity -- in space and time habitat preferences

Occurrence records displayed on a map use symbols of a different color for each synonymous name. This function can be used for investigating whether a synonymy is justified. “Hexacoral” as a research tool

For taxa with georeferenced records, a query of the companion global 30’ environmental database produces summaries of general environmental conditions for individual entries or a summary for the taxon

regions with variable values within ranges defined by the sample cells are colored; variable selection by users and multi- taxon capability will make this a powerful biogeographic analysis

Anemones of most fish host species seldom occur without fish symbionts Anemonefish never occur without a host anemone “Hexacoral” as a research tool

87 half-degree cells contain 516 usable anemone records

There is good overlap. Non-overlap is because of biological reality (fish do not occur in Hawaii), and sources of data (e.g. publications on anemonefish in Japan are not vouchered by specimens, research on anemones is scarce in South Africa)

CHALLENGES Provide environmental coverages to correlate with organism distributions Reciprocally, find out what lives in any parcel of water TECHNICAL draw on multiple sources of data in a variety of formats develop tools for users to mobilize the data OBJECTIVES DISCIPLINARY make counterparts aware of availability, utility of data opportunities for new sorts of audiences, questions

National Science Foundation grants OCE (NOPP) to Daphne G. Fautin and Robert W. Buddemeier DEB , DEB (PEET) to Daphne G. Fautin Students and colleagues who have contributed data, time, and ideas -- especially Adorian Ardelean