Warm-up 10/13 Please give feedback regarding first quarter. Please comment on items you like and dislike about class so far. Be Honest! Also, please make any recommendations you would like to add to class. What are specific characteristics must you possess to be considered a true living organism? (hint: scientists have 6)

Living Organism Listed here are the six rules used by scientists: Living things are made of cells. Living things obtain and use energy. Living things grow and develop. Living things reproduce. Living things respond to their environment. Living things adapt to their environment.

Cells An introduction to Cell Structure and Organization

Warm-up 10/26 1. Take out your homework (Questions 1-3 pg. 155) **Use it for the warm-up 2. What are the three parts of cell theory? All living things are made up of one or more cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms All cells arise from existing cells

Introduction to Cells Plants and animals are made up of thousands, millions, or even trillions of specialized cells. Cooperate to perform tasks Assemble together to form tissues and organs

Levels of Organization Specialized cells are arranged into five categories:

Cell A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

Tissue A tissue is a distinct group of similar cells that perform a common function. (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, or vascular tissue).

Organ An organ is a collection of tissues that work together to form a structure which performs a specific function (kidney, heart, lungs or stomach).

Organ System An organ system is composed of a group of organs that work together to perform major body functions (circulatory system, digestive system, or respiratory system).

Organism An organism is an individual form of life (plant, animal, bacterium, protist, or fungus).

Who discovered cells? In 1665, Robert Hooke, and English scientist, looked at a thin slice of cork using a microscope that could magnify only 30X

This is what Hooke saw:

Hooke’s discovery Hooke saw many “little boxes” in the cork They reminded him of the tiny rooms Monks lived in so he called them CELLS. He later discovered cells in the stems and roots of plants

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Ten years later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist, used a microscope that could magnify 300X to look at pond water.

This is what van Leewenhoek saw:

Van Leeuwenhoek’s Discovery He discovered living creatures! Named them animacules, or “tiny animals” **Today we know they were not animals, they were single- celled organisms.

Bell Work Take Piece of printer paper from front Fold in half hot dog style Label three top sections Animal Both Plant See example for more info.

2 Basic Cell Types Animal Cell Plant Cell

Because of their complex organization, eukaryotic cells can carry out more specialized functions than prokaryotic cells can.

All Cells have the same 4 Features 1. Cell membrane: the cell’s outer boundary

All Cells have the same 4 Features 2. Cytoplasm: the fluid that fills the cell

All Cells have the same 4 Features 3. Ribosomes: structures that make protein

All Cells have the same 4 Features 4. DNA: genetic material that: Provides instructions for making proteins Enables reproduction

Organelles Structures that carry out specific activities inside the cell. Each has its own distinct function

Organelles 1.Nucleus- the control center for cell metabolism and reproduction -Holds DNA -Transcribes RNA Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 2. Nucleolus- The location where parts of ribosomes are made. -The parts are assembled in the cytoplasm -Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 3. Nuclear Envelope- controls what goes in and out of the nucleus Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 4. Chromosomes- the organized structure of DNA (takes this form during cell reproduction) Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 5. Chromatin- loosely coiled form of chromosomes Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 6. Cell Wall- adds protection and support -Made of cellulose -Only found in plant cells

Organelles 7. Mitochondria- Breaks down sugar molecules into energy! -“Powerhouse” of the cell -Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 8. Plasma Membrane (cell membrane) - outer boundary of cell which protects the cell - Controls what enters and leaves the cell - Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 9. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- A pathway for the transport of nutrients throughout the cell -Attached to the nuclear membrane Smooth ER- no ribosomes attached Rough ER- has ribosomes attached Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 10. Ribosomes-Makes proteins in the cell -“Free” in cytoplasm- makes proteins that stay in the cell -Attached to ER-makes proteins that are exported out of the cell -Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 11. Golgi Apparatus- Saclike membranes used for storing/ packaging of chemicals -Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 12. Lysosomes- made by the Golgi Apparatus -Contain digestive enzymes to digest unwanted particles and large molecules -Found in animal cells

Organelles 13. Vacuoles- Store food, water, or waste materials -Plant cells have large vacuoles -Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 14. Vesicles- a small “bubble” within the cell enclosed by a lipid bilayer. - examples: Lysosomes and Vacuoles - Transport Vesicles - Secretion Vesicles Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 15. Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis -Found in plant cells

Organelles 16. Flagellum- a long thread- like structure which rotates rapidly to allow movement. -Found in animal cells

Organelles 17. Cilia- slender protuberances that project from the cell body used for movement. - Found in animal cells

Organelles 18. Cytoplasm- Clear fluid within cells that contains all organelles and moves materials throughout the cell. -Found in both plant and animal cells

Organelles 19. Cytoskeleton- the skeleton within the cell providing it structure and shape. -Found in both plant and animal cells