CHAPTER 9 Proteins and Their Synthesis CHAPTER 9 Proteins and Their Synthesis Copyright 2008 © W H Freeman and Company

CHAPTER OUTLINE 9.1 Protein structure 9.2 Colinearity of gene and protein 9.3 The genetic code 9.4 tRNA: the adapter 9.5 Ribosomes 9.6 The proteome

Chapter 9 Opener Surface of the ribosome from the bacterium Haloarcula marismortui

Figure 9-1 The binding of a drug molecule to the ribosome prevents translation

Protein structure

Figure 9-2a The peptide bond

Figure 9-2b The peptide bond

Figure 9-3 Levels of protein structure

Figure 9-3a Levels of protein structure

Figure 9-3b Levels of protein structure

Figure 9-3c Levels of protein structure

Figure 9-3d Levels of protein structure

Colinearity of gene and protein

Figure 9-4 Gene and protein sequences are colinear

The genetic code

Figure 9-5 Overlapping versus nonoverlapping genetic codes

Figure 9-6 The genetic code

tRNA: the adapter

Figure 9-7 The structure of transfer RNA

Figure 9-8 An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches an amino acid to its tRNA

Figure 9-9 Two superimposed tRNAs

Figure 9-10 Wobble allows one tRNA to recognize two codons

Table 9-1

Table 9-2

Ribosomes

Figure 9-11 Protein and RNA molecules compose the two subunits of a ribosome

Figure 9-12 rRNA folds up by intramolecular base pairing

Figure 9-13 Key sites of interaction in the ribosome

Figure 9-13a Key sites of interaction in the ribosome

Figure 9-13b Key sites of interaction in the ribosome

Figure 9-14 Shine–Dalgarno sequence

Figure 9-15 Translation initiation in prokaryotes

Figure 9-15 part 1 Translation initiation in prokaryotes

Figure 9-15 part 2 Translation initiation in prokaryotes

Figure 9-16 Translation initiation in eukaryotes

Figure 9-16 part 1 Translation initiation in eukaryotes

Figure 9-16 part 2 Translation initiation in eukaryotes

Figure 9-17 Steps in translation elongation

Figure 9-18 Termination of translation

Figure 9-19 A suppressor counteracts the effects of a nonsense mutation

The proteome

Figure 9-20 Alternative splicing produces related but distinct protein isoforms

Figure 9-21 Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins

Figure 9-22 All protein interactions in an organism compose the interactome

Figure 9-23 Ubiquitinization targets a protein for degradation

Figure 9-24 Signal sequences target proteins for secretion