1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 1 Traffic Control Systems in Germany Dipl.-Ing. Frank Offermann Dipl.-Math. Berthold Jansen

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 2 System Architecture Traffic Control System North Rhine-Westphalia

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 3 System Architecture for Automatic Detection and Control

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 4 Traffic Control in Germany System approaches Stretch Control Systems Dynamic Route Guidance Systems Outlook: Integration of FCD

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 5 Overview on the Traffic Control Systems in North Rhine-Westphalia

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 6

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 7 Overview of the signs on the VMS-Gantries

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 8 Stretch Control Systems in North Rhine-Westphalia

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 9 Control Model Measurement sections

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 10 Control Model Depiction of adjacent AP‘s on Speed Funnel Wetness Visibility

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 11 Control Model Speed Funnel Funnel (Definition) Supply of speed funnels for every possible automatic programme at the VMS-gantries Exact specifications for the funnel what switching priorities shall be given to the respective VMS-gantries. AQ1 MQ1 MQ2 AQ2 MQ3 AQ3 MQ4 NS1 SW SICHT AQ1 MQ1 MQ2 AQ2 MQ3 AQ3 MQ4 NS1 SW1 ? ? AP120AP100AP80APNaesse1 AP120AP100APNaesse1APNaesse2APSicht1 zusammenhängende Bereiche Expected Switching ? Connected areas

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 12 Control Model Priorities Priorities Overlapping of priorities of individual VMS due to adjacent funnels. VMS with highest priority will be selected. A certain priority can be given to each VMS dependent on the automatic programme and on the VMS-gantry. Default Priorities If no priorities are assigned to the funnel the (system specific) default priorities will be used. Use of default priorities in case of special programmes. Individual Priorities Individual priorities will overwrite the default priorities in defined cases.

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 13 Control Model Supply of up- and downstream VMS Up- and Downstream VMS Only downstream VMS are supplied (details about type and location). Each VMS has no or only one downstream VMS. The downstream VMS are used for the stretch-related comparison.

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 14 Control Model Iterative Improvement of the Switching Requirement Cross-section tuning for VMS Speeds shown on one VMS-gantry must be increasing from the right to the left lane. Different restrictions on overtaking with different priority exist which can be shown via VMS Type B and C. PriorityVMS-Type B VMS-Type C 1general restriction on overtaking „Dark“ 2restriction on overtaking for lorries „Dark“ 3restriction on overtaking for lorries "4 t" 4restriction on overtaking for lorries "7,5 t" VMS- Type B VMS- Type A VMS- Type C

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 15 Control Model Stretch-related and cross-section-related comparison - Example to fill in gaps 40 km/h difference 100 km/h at the beginning 40 km/h difference 100 km/h at the beginning 40 km/h difference 100

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 16 Control Model Stretch-related and cross-section-related comparison - Example km/h at the beginning 40 km/h difference 100 km/h at the beginning 40 km/h difference 40

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 17 Control Model Stretch-related and cross-section-related comparison - Example km/h at the beginning 40 km/h difference 100 km/h at the beginning 40 km/h difference 40 Speed increasing at the VMS-gantry

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 18 Control Model Stretch-related and cross-section-related comparison - Example km/h at the beginning 40 km/h difference (only in case of speed doubling) 60 speed increasing at the VMS-gantry km/h difference (only in case of speed doubling)

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 19 A40 Stau mit Vortrichter

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 20 A40 Stau vor Baustelle

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 21 Ramp Metering Example of the Integrated Traffic Control Center

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 22

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 23 ZR man. Schaltung

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 24

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 25 Route Guidance System Münster - Wuppertal

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 26 What is the best way for the majority of drivers? offline determination based on the actual traffic situation the road network availability may change (temporally, dynamically) -> optimisation problem origin destination inflow regular route alternative route Initial Situation

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 27 Basic principles of the Control System switching request only in case of (danger of) congestion on the regular route detour only in case of free alternative routes, i.e. –no congestion and no danger of congestion, also taking into consideration the amount of diverted traffic optimisation of an objective function

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 28 Components of the Objective Function travel time operating costs risk of accident (congestion probability)

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 29 Determination of the Traffic State Basis: Fundamental Diagram

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 30 Determination of the Traffic State Division into stable / instable Traffic Flow

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 31 Estimation of Density in Case of Stable Traffic Flow

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 32 Estimation of Density in Case of Instable Traffic Flow

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 33 Prediction of the density Exponential Smoothing and Trend Extrapolation

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 34 Prognosis of the Density (k p )

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 35 Deriving of Predicted Velocities Determination of the prediction values

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 36 Prognosis of velocities and traffic volume Stable Traffic Flow =>

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 37 Prognosis of velocities and traffic volume Stable Traffic Flow =>

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 38 Consideration of the Diverted Vehicles determination of increased density in case of the switching of the alternative route determination of the increased density on the regular route in case of the cancellation of the detour recommendation

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 39 Modification of the Road Network Availability congestion on the regular route free alternative route (even after the diversion of the traffic) optimisation of the objective function

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 40 Congestion is detected, if the prognosis velocity v p falls below a certain threshold value or if the density of the prognosis k p is higher than the threshold of k 0 * f (congestion) Danger of Congestion exists, if the prognosis density k p is between k 0 * f(danger of congestion) and k 0 * f(congestion) Detection of Congestion and Danger of Congestion

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 41 l Switching requirement only in case of congestion (or danger of congestion) on the normal route (at least one detection point with (danger of) congestion) l Rerouting only in case of free alternative route, that means –no congestion or no danger of congestion, considering also the diverted traffic Framework conditions for the calculation

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 42 Evaluation of the Objective Function Through Traffic (q d ) = Inflow * Divertable Share of Traffic * Degree of Compliance travel time operating costs risk of accidents (congestion probability)

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 43 For each destination plan the selection of the most suitable route is based on the rerouting simulation Selection of the most suitable destination plan

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 44 ABW-Netz

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 45 Zustand WWW Wuppertal

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 46 Enlarged Traffic Condition Analysis and Jam Detection via Integration of FCD Outlook: Integration of FCD

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 47 Fusion of Local and Mobile Traffic Data in a Fuzzy-Logik- Approach combining the Benefits of both kind of traffic data Basis of FCD: GAT-Standard Problems of FCD: –FCD only represends a spot check of the traffic Stream –it is not ensured, that there is a FCD Pentration in the analysis time frame  statistical Analysis of the Repesentative of FCD is needed Benefits FCD: –Exact Travel Time Estimation –Enlarged Traffic Condition Analysis (exspecially: Exact Location of Traffic Congestion; jam velocity etc.) Outlook: Integration of FCD

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 48 Fusion of Local and Mobile Traffic Data in a Fuzzy-Logik- Approach combining the Benefits of both kind of traffic data Problems of local Data: –represents only the traffic conditions at the data collection point  Uncertainties in the transmission of local data to the related section Benefits local Data: –Traffic condition Analysis is ensured for all analysis time frames by the Integration of local Data –Data is collected for the whole traffic stream, and not only just for a spot check (FCD) Outlook: Integration of FCD

1/7/2016 9:36 AM VA:Frank OffermannTel: +49-(0) B. JansenTel: +49-(0) Lecture Hannover-Verfahren Folie Nr. 49 Traffic Control Systems in Germany Thank you very much for your attention