23. November 2015 – Skibsteknisk Selskab Environmental paradoxes of the new EEDI regulations for Ro-Ro ships leading to bad design of Ro-Ro ships 23. November 2015 – Skibsteknisk Selskab PASSENGER SHIPS – now and in the future Presented by: Hans Otto Kristensen Head of Maritime DTU (hohk@mek.dtu.dk)

Content of the presentation Fundamentals of the EEDI calculation procedure for Ro-Ro ships (rules and regulations) Technical fundamentals of Ro-Ro passenger ships Calculation example of a 1600 passenger Ro-Pax ship Calculation example of a 400 passenger Ro-Pax ship Summary of example calculations Conclusions

The EEDI formulas (excl The EEDI formulas (excl. equations for alternative propulsion means such as wind, solar power etc.) MEPC 245(66) – 4. April 2014 For Ro-Ro cargo ships and Ro-Ro passenger ships: Capacity is the maximum permissible deadweight For passenger ships and cruise passenger ships: Capacity is the Gross Tonnage (GT) in accordance with the internatinal Convention of Tonnage Measurement of Ships 1969, Annex 1, Reg. 3

EEDI according to MARPOL Annex 6, Reg. 21 Attained EEDI <= Required EEDI x (1 – R) Required EEDI: Ro-Ro passenger ships: 752.16 x DWT-0.351 Ro-Ro cargo ships: 1405.15 x DWT-0.498 DWT is the maximum permissible deadweight at summer load draught R depends on the keel laying date

Reduction factor R in percent for Ro-Ro ships EEDI = (1 – R/100) ∙ EEDI baseline value Ship type Deadweight Phase 0 1. Jan. 2013 31. Dec. 2014 Phase 1 1. Jan. 2015 31. Dec. 2019 Phase 2 1 Jan. 2020 31. Dec. 2024 Phase 3 1 Jan. 2025 Ro-Ro passenger >1000 tons n/a 5 20 30 250 – 1000 tons 0 – 5 0 – 20 0 – 30 Ro-Ro cargo >2000 tons 1000 – 2000 tons

Ro-Pax ships Design service speed versus EEDI ref. speed

Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro cargo ships according to MEPC 245(66) Main engine power (PME) less than 10000 kW: PAE = 0.05 x PME Main engine power (PME) more than 10000 kW: PAE = 250 + 0.025 x PME Reg. 2.5.6.4: For ships where the PAE value calculated by the above mentioned formulas is significantly different from the total power used at normal seagoing condition, the PAE value should be estimated by the consumed electric power (excluding propulsion) in conditions when the ship is engaged in a voyage at reference speed.

Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro pass. ships for ref Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro pass. ships for ref. line calculations according to MEPC 65/22 Annex 14, p. 3 Aux. power at sea = 0.35 x installed aux. power Auxiliary power at sea = 0.866 x GT0.732

Auxiliary power for Ro-Ro cargo ships according to MEPC 245(66)

fj correction factor for Ro-Ro ships MEPC. 245(66) – Annex 5 – Reg. 2

fc correction factor for Ro-Ro ships MEPC. 245(66) – Annex 5 – Reg. 2

EEDI fj and fc correction factors for Ro-Pax

Low and high cargo density Ro-pax ships (Deadweight per passenger)

Low and high cargo density Ro-pax ships (Lanemeter per passenger)

Low and high cargo density Ro-pax ships (Lpp as function of passenger capacity)

Typical low cargo density Ro-pax ship (Pearl Seaways)

Typical high cargo density Ro-pax ship (Regina Seaways)

Ro-Pax ships Empirical calculation of gross tonnage GT

Ro-Pax ships Empirical calculation of gross tonnage GT

EXAMPLE No. 1 1600 passenger Ro-Pax ship with low cargo capacity Main dimensions Capacity 1600 pass. Length between pp 147.65 m Breadth 24.63 m Maximum draught 5.89 m Depth to upper deck 14.32 m Length of Ro-Ro lanes 1197 m Number of passenger cars 420 Number of berths 766 (48 % of pass.) Normal deadweight 4160 tons (3.5 t/lm) Lightship weight 9172 tons Normal displacement 13332 tons Block coefficient based on Lpp 0.607 Gross tonnage 21455 GT Normal service speed 21.5 knots Engine power (MCR) 18910 kW Service speed obtained at 90 % MCR incl. 15 % sea margin Main dimensions are calculated by the generic model SHIP-DESMO-RoPax developed by Hans Otto Kristensen (HOK Marineconsult ApS) as contractual work for DTU Transport

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Full deadweight

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Full deadweight – Auxiliary power based on GT

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers EEDI as function of deadweight

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers 25 % dw reduction

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers 50% dw reduction

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers EEDI values at different design speeds and deadweight

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Speed exponent, N, as function of speed and block coefficient, Cb

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers CO2 per ton payload per nm at different design speeds and deadweight

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage and light weight

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage and light weight

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage and light weight

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Variation of gross tonnage and light weight

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Full deadweight – DUAL FUEL main engine

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of length

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of length

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of length

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of length

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of draught

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of draught

Ro-Pax ship with 1600 passengers Change of draught

EXAMPLE No. 2 400 passenger Ro-Pax ship with high cargo capacity Main dimensions Capacity 400 pass. Length between pp 160.20 m Breadth 24.97 m Maximum draught 6.07 m Depth to upper deck 14.95 m Length of Ro-Ro lanes 1530 m Number of passenger cars 254 Number of berths 257 (64 % of pass.) Normal deadweight 5681 tons (3.7 t/lm) Lightship weight 10530 tons Normal displacement 16211 tons Block coefficient based on Lpp 0.651 Gross tonnage 22905 GTNormal service speed 21.3 knots Engine power (MCR) 20287 kW Service speed obtained at 90 % MCR incl. 15 % sea margin Main dimensions are calculated by the generic model SHIP-DESMO-RoPax developed by Hans Otto Kristensen (HOK Marineconsult ApS) as contractual work for DTU Transport

Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers Full deadweight

Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers EEDI as function of deadweight

Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers

Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers 25 % deadweight reduction

Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers 50 % deadweight reduction

Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers EEDI values at different design speeds and deadweight

Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers Speed exponent, N, as function of speed and block coefficient, Cb

Ro-Pax ship with 400 passengers CO2 per t payload per nm at different design speeds and deadweight

Quantitative conclusion/summary for Ro-Pax ships The overall results of the two examples with different deadweight presented are shown in following table. The ship design consequences of the choice to reduce the deadweight for the actual ships to improve the EEDI fulfilment are also shown – unfortunately showing that the deadweight for the rolling cargo is seriously degraded

Conclusions for Ro-Pax ships With the present formulation of the EEDI calculation procedure for Ro-Ro passenger ships (IMO Res. MEPC 245(66) – Annex 5), following conclusions can be drawn: The calculated EEDI value does not reflect the real environmental performance of a Ro-Ro passenger ship Reduction of the design speed increases the EEDI value, although the CO2 emissions per ton payload per nautical mile are reduced by lowering the speed Slow steaming for Ro-Ro passenger ships is an environmental option for reduction of the carbon foot print, but not legally when judged from a purely EEDI point of view Reduction of the deadweight is a way to reduce the EEDI value according to the present rules, such that the future requirements can be met, however resulting in poor ship designs with too small deadweight as a consequence such that only person cars and light cargo vans can be transported, but NO lorries The EEDI formulas are fundamentally wrong and ship designers are not able to design efficient, environmentally friendly and future orientated ships for the Ro-Ro sector DUAL FUEL is a possible solution for meeting the strict EEDI requirements

EXAMPLE No. 3 2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship Main dimensions Capacity 2000 lanemter Length between pp 150.45 m Breadth 23.62 m Maximum draught 6.41 m Depth to upper deck 14.86 m Normal deadweight 8064 tons (4.0 t/lm) Lightship weight 6979 tons Normal displacement 15043 tons Block coefficient based on Lpp 0.644 Normal service speed 18.8 knots Engine power (MCR) 10966 kW Service speed obtained at 90 % MCR incl. 15 % sea margin Main dimensions and engine power are calculated by the generic model SHIP-DESMO-RoPax developed by Hans Otto Kristensen (HOK Marineconsult ApS) as contractual work for DTU Transport

2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship Deadweight density: 3.0 t/lanemeter

2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship Deadweight density: 4.0 t/lanemeter

2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship Deadweight density: 6.0 t/lanemeter

2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship Deadweight density: 6.0 t/lanemeter

2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship

2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship

2000 lanemeter Ro-Ro cargo ship

Thank you for your attention QUESTIONS ?