Documentation A.Direct Quotation A.Summary and Paraphrase I. Credible and Ethical Use

Problems to Avoid 1. plagiarism (stealing) of language 2. plagiarism (stealing) of ideas 3 & 4. intentional misrepresentation of source through omission or alteration of context 5. misrepresentation of a source through error

GOOD DIRECT QUOTATION? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) Direct Quotation While I believe that humans should behave in a civilized manner, some people think of us as animals: “We are group animals” (Lessing 49-50).

GOOD DIRECT QUOTATION? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) We are group animals The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) Direct Quotation While I believe that humans should behave in a civilized manner, some people think of us as animals: “We are group animals” (Lessing 49-50). MISREPRESENTATION—Quotation is placed in a new context that changes its meaning.

GOOD DIRECT QUOTATION? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) Direct Quotation Doris Lessing says that “[w]e are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with …. not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us” (49-50).

GOOD DIRECT QUOTATION? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) Direct Quotation Doris Lessing says that “[w]e are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with …. not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us” (49-50). MISREPRESENTATION—Omitted words change the meaning of the original.

GOOD DIRECT QUOTATION? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) Direct Quotation Doris Lessing says that “ [w]e are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with …. not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us” (49-50).

GOOD DIRECT QUOTATION? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) Direct Quotation Doris Lessing says that “ [ w ] e are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with …. not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us” (49-50). (CMS and APA do not require editorial brackets for uppercase and lowercase changes)

GOOD DIRECT QUOTATION? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) Direct Quotation Doris Lessing says that “[w]e are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with …. not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us ” (49-50).

GOOD DIRECT QUOTATION? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) Direct Quotation Doris Lessing says that “[w]e are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with …. not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us” (49-50).

Summary & Paraphrase—Problems to Avoid 1. plagiarism (stealing) of language 2. plagiarism (stealing) of ideas 3. & 4 intentional misrepresentation of source through omission or alteration of context 5. misrepresentation of a source through error

GOOD SUMMARY? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) In “Group Minds” Doris Lessing claims that what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, but not understanding the group laws that govern us (49-50).

GOOD SUMMARY? ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) (49-50) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) In “Group Minds” Doris Lessing claims that what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, but not understanding the group laws that govern us (49-50). PLAGIARIZED--I am giving Lessing credit for the idea, but I’m stealing her language (even though I’m not stealing it word for word).

GOOD PARAPHRASE? ORIGINAL “ “ Readers over the ages have had to learn this game of literacy, how to conform themselves to the projections of the writers they read, or at least how to operate in terms of these projections. They have to know how to play the game of being a member of an audience that ‘really’ doesn’t exist” (Ong 12). MY PARAPHRASE In addition to discussing how successful writers can fictionalize an audience, Ong also discusses how readers have had to learn the game of literacy by conforming themselves to be the imagined audience of the writers they read. They have to know how to play the game of being a member of an audience that doesn’t actually exist (Ong 12).

GOOD PARAPHRASE? ORIGINAL “ Readers over the ages have had to learn this game of literacy, how to conform themselves to the projections of the writers they read, or at least how to operate in terms of these projections. They have to know how to play the game of being a member of an audience that ‘really’ doesn’t exist” (Ong 12). “MY” PARAPHRASE In addition to discussing how successful writers can fictionalize an audience, Ong also discusses how readers have had to learn the game of literacy by conforming themselves to be the imagined audience of the writers they read. They have to know how to play the game of being a member of an audience that doesn’t actually exist (Ong 12).

What I Actually Wrote ORIGINAL “ “ Readers over the ages have had to learn this game of literacy, how to conform themselves to the projections of the writers they read, or at least how to operate in terms of these projections. They have to know how to play the game of being a member of an audience that ‘really’ doesn’t exist” (Ong 12). “MY” PARAPHRASE In addition to discussing how successful writers can fictionalize an audience, Ong also discusses how In addition to discussing how successful writers can fictionalize an audience, Ong also discusses how readers have had to learn the game of literacy by conforming themselves to be the imagined audience of the writers they read. They have to know how to play the game of being a member of an audience that doesn’t actually exist (Ong 12).

GOOD PARAPHRASE? The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) I am a firm believer that while it is fine for us to always be in groups, what might be harmful to us is not realizing how we are affected by them.

GOOD PARAPHRASE? The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) I am a firm believer that while it is fine for us to always be in groups, what might be harmful to us is not realizing how we are affected by them. PLAGIARIZED--Now I’m using my own words to steal Lessing’s idea and pass it off as my own.

GOOD PARAPHRASE? The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) In “Group Minds” Doris Lessing claims that it is dangerous to belong to groups, especially if we don’t understand the group’s laws that govern us (49-50).

GOOD PARAPHRASE? The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) In “Group Minds” Doris Lessing claims that it is dangerous to belong to groups, especially if we don’t understand the group’s laws that govern us (49-50). MISREPRESENTATION—Probably through error rather than intention.

SUCCESSFUL PARAPHRASE ORIGINAL (paragraph 4) The fact is that we all live our lives in groups…. Most people … are always seeking groups to belong to, and if one group dissolves, they look for another. We are group animals still, and there is nothing wrong with that. But what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group, or groups, but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us. (49-50) In “Group Minds” Doris Lessing claims that though we typically spend our lives within groups, and though it is normal to belong to many groups, we might be affected by our inability to become aware of the ways those groups might influence our thoughts, beliefs, or actions (49-50).

STRATEGY Read and interpret the idea to yourself.Read and interpret the idea to yourself. Close the book/laptop/screen.Close the book/laptop/screen. Paraphrase what you understand.Paraphrase what you understand. Reread the original asking two questionsReread the original asking two questions a)Am I illegitimately borrowing language? b)Have I adequately captured the idea? If you are satisfied, move on. If not, do it again.If you are satisfied, move on. If not, do it again.

The University Writing Center SPRING 2010 HOURS Bakeless Center (206) Drop-In & Appointment Mon. 10:00—7:00 Tues. 10:00—7:00 Wed. 10:00—7:00 Thurs. 10:00—5:00 Fri. 10:00—1:00 Columbia Hall (Living & Learning Center) Drop-In Only Sun. 9:00 p.m.—11:00 p.m. Wed. 9:00 p.m.—11:00 p.m. Northumberland Hall (Lobby) Drop-In Only Sun. 9:00 p.m.—11:00 p.m. Wed. 9:00 p.m.—11:00 p.m. Upper Campus (JKA Community Center) Sun. 9:00 p.m.—11:00 p.m. Wed. 9:00 p.m.—11:00 p.m.