ABA gets little respect Though it has had a major effect. You would think Skinner Had turned out a winner, Instead of a functional reject.

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Presentation transcript:

ABA gets little respect Though it has had a major effect. You would think Skinner Had turned out a winner, Instead of a functional reject.

Token Economies Behaviors to be reinforced are identified and defined. A medium of exchange is selected. A medium of exchange refers to some symbol or token that a student received after successfully completing the target behavior. Back-up reinforcers are provided that can be purchased with the tokens.

Reasons for the Effectiveness of Token Economies The time gap is bridged between behavior and back-up reinforcer. The amount of reinforcement is immediately obvious to students. Tokens are unaffected by the mood of the praiser Tokens make use of generalized conditioned reinforcers. Tokens provide stimuli that control teacher behavior.

Rules for Establishing a Token Economy Select target behaviors. Develop rules. Select an appropriate token. Establish reinforcers for which tokens can be exchanged. Establish a ratio of exchange. Develop a reward menu and post it in the classroom. Designate a time when children can exchange tokens. Implement the token economy. Provide immediate token reinforcement for target behaviors. Gradually change from a continuous to variable schedule. Provide a time to exchange tokens for back-up reinforcers. Revise the menu frequently.

A behavioral contract is a written document specifying who is involved, what behaviors are targeted, when and where the behaviors are to be performed, and how much reinforcement a student will receive.

Reasons Why Contracts Work Contracts involve rule-governed behavior. Contracts are public documents. Students are equal participants. Behavior of all participants is clearly specified.

Components of a Contract Task:Who, What, When, How Well Reward:Who, What, When, How Much Task Record:Sets the occasion to look at and be reminded of the contract. Helps student remain on task until the task is completed and the reward earned.

Guidelines for Successful Contracting Rule 1: Contracts must be fair. Rule 2: Contracts must be clear. Rule 3: Contracts must be honest.

A group-oriented contingency is one in which the presentation, or loss, of a reinforcer is contingent upon the behavior of an individual within the group, a segment of the group, or the group as a whole.

Types of Group-Oriented Contingencies Dependent Group-Oriented Contingencies Independent Group-Oriented Contingencies Interdependent Group-Oriented Contingencies

Good Behavior Game + 3 Points- 1 Point eyes on teachertalking feet on floorthrowing raise handout of seat

Advantages of Using Group- Oriented Contingencies Saves time and reduced workload Useful in situations where individual contingencies are impractical Resolve a problem quickly Capitalize on peer influence Facilitate positive social interaction

Ethical Considerations Harmful peer pressure on students who fail to improve Announcing the offender publicly Misleading improvement of the group Students unable to complete the specified behaviors Students who enjoy sabotaging the contingency

Novel Applications of Positive Reinforcement

Chart Moves

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