Metabolites Primary & Secondary Charlie C. Villate Greeting Prayer Exercise Charlie C. Villate

Metabolites Intermediates and products of Metabolism; Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own, defense, and interactions with other organisms; and, These are categorized as Primary & Secondary Metabolites.

Primary Metabolites Intermediates and products of Primary Metabolism; Directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction; and, Absence of primary metabolites can result in immediate death.

Primary Metabolism (Few) Glycolysis; Photosynthesis; Citric Acid Cycle; Pentose Phosphate Pathway; β-oxidation of fatty acids’ and, Synthesis of proteins, enzymes and coenzymes.

Secondary Metabolites Organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of an organism; Chemical compounds that are found only in specific organisms or groups of organisms as an expression of their individuality; Used as defense, attractants, and coloring agents; Provide most of the pharmacologically active natural products; and, Absence of secondary metabolites can result to long-term impairment of the organism's survivability, fecundity, or aesthetics, or perhaps in no significant change at all.

Building blocks of Secondary Metabolites Secondary metabolites are derived from Primary Metabolites; The important building blocks of Secondary Metabolites are derived from the intermediates of: Acetyl CoA; Shikimic acid; Mevalonic acid; and, 1-Deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate.

Acetyl CoA Utilized in acetate pathway; Formed by oxidative decarboxylation of the glycolysis pathway product of pyruvate; and, Also, Acetyl CoA is produced in the β-Oxidation of Fatty acid. Its main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. In chemical structure, acetyl-CoA is the thioester between coenzyme A (a thiol) and acetic acid (an acyl group carrier). Acetyl-CoA is produced during the second step of aerobic cellular respiration, pyruvate decarboxylation, which occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle.

Secondary Metabolite Willow tree SA is involved in endogenous signaling, mediating in plant defense against pathogens. Salicylic acid is known for its ability to ease aches and pains and reduce fevers. These medicinal properties, particularly fever relief, have been known since ancient times, and it is used as an anti-inflammatory drug. Willow tree

Secondary Metabolite Prostaglandin E2 One of the prostaglandins, a group of hormone-like substances that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, exerts a protective effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa, and modulation of inflammation. Prostaglandin E2

Shikimic Acid Utilized in shikimate pathway; Produced from a combination of phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate; It can lead to a variety of phenols, cinnamic acid derivatives, and alkaloids. an important biochemical metabolite in plants and microorganisms. Its name comes from the Japanese flower shikimi (シキミ, Illicium anisatum), from which it was first isolated. In the pharmaceutical industry, shikimic acid from the Chinese star anise is used as a base material for production of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Shikimic Acid

Secondary Metabolite Vincristine Rose Periwinkle Vincristine is occasionally used as an immunosuppressant, for example, in treating thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). It is used in combination with prednisone to treat childhood leukemia. The main side-effects of vincristine are peripheral neuropathy, hyponatremia, constipation, and hair loss. Vincristine Rose Periwinkle

Mevalonic Acid Utilized in mevalonate pathway; Formed from three molecules of acetyl-CoA; and, The mevalonate pathway channels acetate into a different series of compounds than does the acetate pathway. Mevalonic acid is a precursor in the biosynthetic pathway, known as the mevalonate pathway, that produces terpenes and steroids. Mevalonic acid is the primary precursor of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), that is in turn the basis for all terpenoids. Mevalonic acid is chiral and the (3R)-enantiomer is the only one that is biologically active.

Secondary Metabolite Azadirachtin Neem Tree it is now known to affect over 200 species of insect, by acting mainly as an antifeedant and growth disruptor, and as such it possesses considerable toxicity toward insects. It fulfills many of the criteria needed for a natural insecticide if it is to replace synthetic compounds. Azadirachtin Neem Tree

1-Deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate Utilized in deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway; Arises from a combination of pyruvic acid and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; and, Responsible for the biosynthesis of terpenoid and steroid metabolites.

Secondary Metabolite Artemisinin Annual Wormwood Treatments containing an artemisinin derivative are now standard treatment worldwide for P. falciparum malaria. The starting compound artemisinin is isolated from the plant Artemisia annua, sweet wormwood, an herb employed in Chinese traditional medicine. This peroxide is believed to be responsible for the drug's mechanism of action. Artemisinin Annual Wormwood

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