Vocabulary The words are in lesson order with the lesson the word is from written as: – L # 1
light-year – L 1 The distance that light travels in one year, about 9.46 trillion kilometers Is a unit of distance NOT time 2
parallax – L 1 The apparent change in position of an object when you look at it from different places 3
scientific notation – L 1 Uses powers of 10 to write very large numbers in shorter form Example: 37,000,000,000, x
universe – L 1 All of space and everything in it 5
binary star – L 2 Star systems that have 2 stars, called double stars Often 1 of the stars is much brighter & more massive solarsystem.nasa.gov 6
elliptical galaxy – L 2 It looks round and flattened Billions of stars They don’t have much gas or dust between the stars Contains old stars solarsystem.nasa.gov 7
galaxy – L 2 A huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas, bound together by gravity solarsystem.nasa.gov 8
irregular galaxy – L 2 They are not regular shapes; smaller Contains you, bright stars Includes a lot of gas & dust to form new stars solarsystem.nasa.gov 9
planet – L 2 An object that orbits a star Large enough to have become rounded by its own gravity Has cleared the area of its orbit solarsystem.nasa.gov 10
quasar – L 2 Active, young galaxies with black holes at their center Gas spins around the black hole Heats up, & glows solarsystem.nasa.gov 11
solar system – L 2 Contains a star and the planets and other objects that revolve around the star solarsystem.nasa.gov 12
spiral galaxy – L 2 Looks like a pinwheel Its arms are full of young stars & new stars form there solarsystem.nasa.gov 13
star – L 2 A giant ball of gas in a small volume Primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, which undergoes nuclear fusion (combining) solarsystem.nasa.gov 14
The process of building something up gradually by the gathering together of smaller pieces 15
A push or a pull 16
The force that pulls objects towards each other The strength of the force of gravity between 2 objects depends on the masses of the objects & the distance between the 2 objects 17
The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion Example: when a car stops suddenly, you keep moving forward 18
Every object n the universe attract every other object 19
An object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion; unless acted upon 20
The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space 21
absolute brightness – L 4 Also known as luminosity It is the brightness that a star would have if it were at a standard distance from Earth solarsystem.nasa.gov 22
apparent brightness – L 4 Also known as apparent magnitude It is a star’s brightness as seen from Earth solarsystem.nasa.gov 23
Hertzprung-Russell diagram (H-R) diagram L 4 A graph of stars’ surface temperature versus their absolute brightness Astronomers use H-R diagrams to classify stars and to understand how stars change over time. solarsystem.nasa.gov 24
main sequence – L 4 A diagonal area of the H-R diagram where most of the stars are located solarsystem.nasa.gov 25
spectrograph – L 4 A device that breaks light into colors and produces an image of the resulting spectrum solarsystem.nasa.gov 26
black hole – L 5 An object with gravity so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape Image Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI) Credit: NASA/ESA 27
nebula – L 5 A large cloud of gas and dust that is spread out in an immense (large) volume Image Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI) Credit: NASA/ESA 28
neutron star – L 5 The remains of a supergiant explosion Smaller and denser than white dwarfs May be 3 times the mass of the sun Image Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI) Credit: NASA/ESA 29
Protostar – L 5 The first stage of a star’s life A contracting cloud of gas and dust with enough mass to form a star Image Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI) Credit: NASA/ESA 30
pulsar – L 5 Rapidly spinning neutron stars May spin hundreds of times per second Image Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI) Credit: NASA/ESA 31
supernova – L 5 When a supergiant runs out of fuel – it can explode The explosion blazes millions of times brighter Image Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI) Credit: NASA/ESA 32
white dwarf – L 5 When a star runs out of fuel, it is the blue-white core of the star that is left behind Image Credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI) Credit: NASA/ESA 33
chromosphere – L 6 The middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere solarsystem.nasa.gov 34
Convection zone – L 6 The outermost layer of the sun’s interio Energy moves toward the sun’s surface by convection solarsystem.nasa.gov 35
core – L 6 It is the central region of the sun solarsystem.nasa.gov 36
corona – L 6 The outer layer of the sun’s atmosphere It extends far into space It gradually thins into streams of solar wind solarsystem.nasa.gov 37
nuclear fusion – L 6 A process where hydrogen atoms join together to form helium; Requires extremely high temperature and pressure solarsystem.nasa.gov 38
photosphere – L 6 The inner layer of the sun’s atmosphere solarsystem.nasa.gov 39
prominence – L 6 Huge loops of gas that link different parts of sunspot regions together solarsystem.nasa.gov 40
radiation zone – L 6 A region of very tightly packed gas where energy moves mainly in the form of electromagnetic radiation solarsystem.nasa.gov 41
solar flare – L 6 When loops in sunspot regions connect, it releases energy and causes gas to erupt into space solarsystem.nasa.gov 42
solar wind – L 6 Electrically charged particles Can enter the Earth’s atmosphere near the North and South poles – causes auroras They can also cause magnetic storms solarsystem.nasa.gov 43
sunspot – L 6 Areas of gas on the sun’s surface They are cooler than the gases around them They give off less light – so they look dark solarsystem.nasa.gov 44