PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM 15 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons PART 1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The ANS and Visceral Sensory Neurons  The ANS – a system of motor neurons  Innervates  Smooth muscle  Cardiac muscle  Glands

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The ANS and Visceral Sensory Neurons  The ANS – a system of motor neurons  Regulates visceral functions  Heart rate  Blood pressure  Digestion  Urination  The ANS is the  General visceral motor division of the PNS

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.1 The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Comparison of Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems  Somatic motor system  One motor neuron extends from the CNS to skeletal muscle  Axons are well myelinated, conduct impulses rapidly

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Comparison of Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems  Autonomic nervous system  Chain of two motor neurons  Preganglionic neuron  Ganglionic neuron  Conduction is slower than somatic nervous system due to  Thinly myelinated or unmyelinated axons  Motor neuron synapses in a ganglion

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems Figure 15.2

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System  Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions  Chains of two motor neurons  Innervate mostly the same structures  Cause opposite effects

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System  Sympathetic – “fight, flight, or fright”  Activated during EXTREME situations  Exercise  Excitement  Emergencies  Parasympathetic – “rest and digest”  Concerned with conserving energy

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions  Issue from different regions of the CNS  Sympathetic – also called the thoracolumbar division  Parasympathetic – also called the craniosacral division Figure 15.3

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions  Length of postganglionic fibers  Sympathetic – long postganglionic fibers  Parasympathetic – short postganglionic fibers  Branching of axons  Sympathetic axons – highly branched  Influences many organs  Parasympathetic axons – few branches  Localized effect

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions  Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axons  Sympathetic –  most release norepinephrine (adrenergic)  Parasympathetic –  release acetylcholine (cholinergic)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Figure 15.4a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Figure 15.4b

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions Table 15.1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Parasympathetic Division  Cranial outflow  Comes from the brain  Innervates  Organs of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen  Sacral outflow  Innervation supplies  Remaining abdominal and pelvic organs

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Parasympathetic Division Figure 15.5

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranial Outflow (Parasympathetic)  Preganglionic fibers run via  Oculomotor nerve (III)  Facial nerve (VII)  Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  Vagus nerve (X)  Cell bodies of CNs located in cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Outflow via the Oculomotor Nerve (III)  Parasympathetic fibers innervate smooth muscles in the eye  Cause pupil constriction  Preganglionic cell bodies  Located in the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain  Ganglionic cell bodies  Lie in the ciliary ganglion

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Outflow via the Facial Nerve (VII)  Parasympathetic fibers stimulate secretion of glands in the head  Lacrimal nucleus  Located in the pons  Synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion  Superior salivatory nucleus  Located in the pons  Synapse in the submandibular ganglion

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Outflow via the Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)  Parasympathetic fibers  Stimulate secretion of glands in the head  Lacrimal nucleus – located in the pons  Synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion  Superior salivatory nucleus – located in the pons  Synapse in the submandibular ganglion

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Outflow via the Vagus Nerve (X)  Fibers innervate visceral organs of the thorax and most of the abdomen  Stimulates  Digestion, reduction in heart rate and reduction in blood pressure  Preganglionic cell bodies  Located in dorsal motor nucleus in the medulla  Ganglionic neurons  Confined within the walls of organs being innervated

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Path of the Vagus Nerve  Sends branches through  Autonomic nerve plexuses  Cardiac plexus  Pulmonary plexus  Esophageal plexus  Celiac plexus  Superior mesenteric plexus

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Path of the Vagus Nerve Figure 15.6

PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM 15 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons PART 2

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sacral Outflow  Emerges from S 2 –S 4  Innervates organs of the pelvis and lower abdomen  Preganglionic cell bodies  Located in visceral motor region of spinal gray matter

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sacral Outflow  Axons run in ventral roots to ventral rami  Form splanchnic nerves  Run through the inferior hypogastric plexus

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Sympathetic Division  Basic organization  Issues from T 1 –L 2  Preganglionic fibers form the lateral gray horn  Supplies visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions  Contains more ganglia than the parasympathetic division

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia  Located on both sides of the vertebral column  Linked by short nerves into sympathetic trunks

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia  Joined to ventral rami by white and gray rami communicantes  Fusion of ganglia  fewer ganglia than spinal nerves

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia Figure 15.8

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prevertebral Ganglia  Unpaired, not segmentally arranged  Occur only in abdomen and pelvis  Lie anterior to the vertebral column  Main ganglia  Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and inferior hypogastric ganglia

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Division of the ANS Figure 15.7

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to the Body Periphery  Innervate  Sweat glands  Arrector pili muscles  Peripheral blood vessels

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to the Body Periphery Figure 15.9

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to the Head  Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord at T 1 –T 4  Fibers ascend in the sympathetic trunk  Synapse in superior cervical ganglion

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to the Head  Postganglionic fibers associate with large arteries  Carried by these structures to  Glands  Smooth muscle  Vessels throughout the head

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to the Head Figure 15.10

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to Thoracic Organs  Preganglionic fibers originate at spinal levels T 1 – T 6  Some fibers synapse in nearest sympathetic trunk ganglion  Postganglionic fibers run directly to the organ supplied

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to Thoracic Organs  Sympathetic fibers to heart have a less direct route  Functions  Increase heart rate  Dilate bronchioles  Dilate blood vessels to the heart wall  Inhibit muscles and glands in the esophagus and digestive system

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to Thoracic Organs Figure 15.11

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to Abdominal Organs  Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord (T 5 – L 2 )  Pass through adjacent sympathetic trunk ganglia  Then travel in thoracic splanchnic nerves  Synapse in prevertebral ganglia on the abdominal aorta  Celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia  Inhibit activity of muscles and glands in visceral organs

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to the Abdominal Organs Figure 15.12

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to the Pelvic Organs  Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord (T 10 –L 2 )  Some fibers synapse in sympathetic trunk  Other preganglionic fibers synapse in prevertebral ganglia  Postganglionic fibers proceed from plexuses to pelvic organs

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sympathetic Pathways to the Pelvic Organs Figure 15.13

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division  Major organ of the sympathetic nervous system  Constitutes largest sympathetic ganglia  Secretes great quantities of norepinephrine and adrenaline  Stimulated to secrete by preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Adrenal Medulla Figure 15.14

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 15.2 (1 of 3)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 15.2 (2 of 3)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 15.2 (3 of 3)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Visceral Sensory Neurons  General visceral sensory neurons monitor  Stretch, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation  Cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglion  Visceral pain – perceived to be somatic in origin  referred pain

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Map of Referred Pain Figure 15.15

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Visceral Reflexes  Visceral sensory and autonomic neurons  Participate in visceral reflex arcs  Defecation reflex  Micturition reflex  Some are simple spinal reflexes  Others do not involve the CNS  Strictly peripheral reflexes

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Visceral Reflex Arc Figure 15.16

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Control of the ANS  Control by the brain stem and spinal cord  Reticular formation exerts most direct influence  Medulla oblongata  Periaqueductal gray matter  Control by the hypothalamus and amygdala  Hypothalamus – the main integration center of the ANS  Amygdala – main limbic region for emotions  Control by the cerebral cortex

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Control of the ANS Figure 15.17

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System  Raynaud’s disease – characterized by constriction of blood vessels  Provoked by exposure to cold or by emotional stress  Hypertension – high blood pressure  Can result from overactive sympathetic vasoconstriction

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System  Mass reflex reaction  Uncontrolled activation of autonomic and somatic motor neurons  Affects quadriplegics and paraplegics  Achalasia of the cardia  Defect in the autonomic innervation of the esophagus

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The ANS Throughout Life  Preganglionic neurons of the ANS develop from the neural tube  Ganglionic neurons develop from the neural crest  Development of the sympathetic division  Some cells migrate ventrally  Form the sympathetic trunk ganglia  Other cells migrate  Form the prevertebral ganglia

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The ANS Throughout Life Figure 15.18

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The ANS Throughout Life  Efficiency of the ANS declines with advancing age  Constipation due to reduced mobility of gastrointestinal (GI) tract  Dry eyes due to reduced tear formation