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 URINE for a great time today!!!

 Elimination of waste products which include:  Nitrogenous wastes  Toxins  Drugs  Regulation of homeostatic factors such as:  Water, acid/base, electrolyte balance  BP  RBC mfr  Vitamin D activation © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Kidneys (contain the nephron)  Ureters  Urinary bladder  Urethra © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hepatic veins (cut) Inferior vena cava Adrenal gland Aorta Iliac crest Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive system) (a) Renal artery Renal hilum Renal vein Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

 Location and structure  against the dorsal body wall  at the level of the T 12 to L 3 vertebrae  right kidney is slightly lower than the left  It is crowded by the liver  renal hilum  medial indentation where structures enter or exit the kidney (ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves)  An adrenal gland sits atop each kidney © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12th rib (b)

 Protective tissue structures: (from deep to superficial)  Enclosed by a fibrous connective tissue capsule  Lies directly on the kidney  Protects from infection  Perirenal fat capsule surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows  Renal fascia is the outermost capsule  anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surroundings  Pararenal fat capsule surrounds renal fascia © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Three kidney regions 1. Renal cortex—outer region 2. Renal medulla—deeper region  Renal (medullary) pyramids—triangular regions of tissue  Renal columns—extensions of cortex-like material  separate the pyramids 3. Renal pelvis—medial region; flat, funnel-shaped tube  Calyces—extensions of the renal pelvis  enclose the renal pyramids  collect urine and send it to the renal pelvis>ureter>urinary bladder  Nephrons comprise the bulk of cortex and medulla and are made of specialized endothelial and/or epithelial tissues © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Renal column Renal cortex Major calyx (a) Minor calyx Renal pyramid Longitudinal section of the right kidney

Renal column Renal cortex (b) Minor calyx Fibrous capsule Renal pyramid Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis Major calyx Ureter

 One-quarter of the total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute  The abdominal aorta supplies the renal artery  Renal artery  provides each kidney with arterial blood supply  Renal artery divides into smaller vessels  Renal vein  Smaller vessels get bigger to supply renal vein  Renal vein returns blood to the inferior vena cava © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Renal column Renal cortex (b) Minor calyx Fibrous capsule Renal pyramid Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Renal vein Renal artery Renal pelvis Major calyx Ureter

 Responsible for forming urine  Two main structures of a nephron: 1. Renal corpuscle – includes: 1. glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, podocytes 2. Renal tubule – includes: 1. proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. distal convoluted tubule © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Renal cortex Ureter Renal medulla Cortical nephronFibrous capsule Juxtamedullary nephron Collecting duct Proximal convoluted tubule Glomerulus Distal convoluted tubule Nephron loop (a)

 2 locations for nephrons:  Cortical nephrons  Located entirely in the cortex  Include most nephrons  Juxtamedullary nephrons  Found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla  Nephron loop dips deep into the medulla © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Renal cortex Ureter Renal medulla Cortical nephronFibrous capsule Juxtamedullary nephron Collecting duct Proximal convoluted tubule Glomerulus Distal convoluted tubule Nephron loop (a)

 Each nephron has two capillary beds: 1. Glomerulus 1. fed and drained by the afferent/efferent arterioles 2. High pressure - for filtration 2. Peritubular capillaries 1. Drains the glomerulus 2. Low pressure and porous - for absorption © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

PCT Glomerular capsular space Glomerular capillary covered by podocytes Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole (c)

Filtration slits Podocyte cell body Foot processes (d)

Peritubular capillaries Glomerular capillaries Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus Cortical radiate artery Arcuate artery Cortical radiate vein Arcuate vein Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (b) Collecting duct Nephron loop