Opportunities for Water Efficiency State Agencies & Universities Sharron Rogers/Rusty Harris-Bishop/Terry Albrecht Government Agency Environmental Sustainability Coordinator NC Div. Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance Utility Saving Initiative – USI & Water System Protection EO

NC Drought Status

NC Water Use Restrictions Emergency Restrictions Emergency Restrictions –6 Water Systems Voluntary Restrictions Voluntary Restrictions –122 Water Systems September 9, 2002 Mandatory Restrictions Mandatory Restrictions –76 Water Systems

Executive Order #26 Water System Protection All state government agencies discontinue “non- essential” water use until further notice All such agencies immediately develop and begin implementing long term, financially feasible conservation measures Signed August 15, 2002

Definition of “Non-Essential” Water Use Do not have any health or safety impacts; Do not have any health or safety impacts; Are not required by regulation; and Are not required by regulation; and Are not needed to meet the core functions of the agency Are not needed to meet the core functions of the agency

Examples of ‘non-essential’ water use Irrigation of lawns and ornamental plants; Irrigation of lawns and ornamental plants; Washing cars, off-road equipment, and other vehicles unless necessary for operator safety; Washing cars, off-road equipment, and other vehicles unless necessary for operator safety; Washing of all building exteriors, outside structures, streets, sidewalks and parking lots; Washing of all building exteriors, outside structures, streets, sidewalks and parking lots; Operation of all inside and outside decorative pools and fountains; Operation of all inside and outside decorative pools and fountains; Routine watering of athletic fields; Routine watering of athletic fields; Recreational water uses such as swimming pools; Recreational water uses such as swimming pools; Dust suppression with water sources other than treated wastewater; Dust suppression with water sources other than treated wastewater; Operating hoses without hand- operated nozzles; Operating hoses without hand- operated nozzles; Using hoses for clean up (i.e. do not use hose as a broom), unless required by health code; Using hoses for clean up (i.e. do not use hose as a broom), unless required by health code; Washing partial loads in washing machines and dishwashers; Washing partial loads in washing machines and dishwashers; Non-essential ice machines; Non-essential ice machines; Don’t supply tap water at eating establishments unless requested; Don’t supply tap water at eating establishments unless requested; Leaks, drips and other water losses. Leaks, drips and other water losses.

Low & No-Cost Measures Install aerators on all faucets Install aerators on all faucets Put water-filled plastic bottles (milk jugs) or dams in toilet tanks Put water-filled plastic bottles (milk jugs) or dams in toilet tanks Install low flow showerheads and other plumbing equipment Install low flow showerheads and other plumbing equipment Reduce water pressure Reduce water pressure Reduce water flow rates at lavatory faucets and at tank-less toilet valves Reduce water flow rates at lavatory faucets and at tank-less toilet valves Turn off water-using equipment when not in use Turn off water-using equipment when not in use Reduce or eliminate once- through cooling water Reduce or eliminate once- through cooling water Turn off air handling and cooling towers at nights and on weekends Turn off air handling and cooling towers at nights and on weekends Attach shut-off nozzles to all hand held hoses Attach shut-off nozzles to all hand held hoses Sweep instead of using a hose to clean and implement other dry cleanup techniques Sweep instead of using a hose to clean and implement other dry cleanup techniques Minimize garbage disposal use Minimize garbage disposal use

Long Term Conservation/Efficiency Programs: Delegation of authority Delegation of authority Inventory water uses Inventory water uses Identification and tracking of daily water use – Establishment of a Baseline Identification and tracking of daily water use – Establishment of a Baseline Detection & repair of leaks Detection & repair of leaks Installation of water conservation devices/equipment/fixtures as feasible Installation of water conservation devices/equipment/fixtures as feasible Employee education and awareness program Employee education and awareness program Form a rapid response system for fixing leaks and replacing malfunction equipment Form a rapid response system for fixing leaks and replacing malfunction equipment

State Agencies Actions Exec Order 26 Water System Protection Participation Exec Order 26 Water System Protection Participation Voluntary Compliance with Local Government Restrictions Voluntary Compliance with Local Government Restrictions Establish Baseline Water Use Establish Baseline Water Use Prepare for USI participation Prepare for USI participation

DID YOU KNOW N C State Government... Owns <12,500 buildings Owns <12,500 buildings Manages <82 million sq ft of buildings Manages <82 million sq ft of buildings 35 facilities with NPDES waste water discharge permits 35 facilities with NPDES waste water discharge permits 4.2 MGPD of waste water permitted 4.2 MGPD of waste water permitted 149 hazardous waste generators 149 hazardous waste generators 516K acres land managed 516K acres land managed > 140 m miles per yr traveled > 140 m miles per yr traveled

NC Project Green North Carolina State Government’s Contribution to Environmental Sustainability Executive Order #156

NC Government “Business” Activities Purchasing Office Operations Transportation Fleet Maintenance/ ProcurementLandscaping/ Agricultural Ops Facility Management ManufacturingConstruction/Leasing Food Service

Water Balance – Typical

Benefits of Water Efficiency Programs Reduces Water Demand Reduces Water Demand –Generally faster, cheaper & easier Waste and Wastewater Treatment Savings Waste and Wastewater Treatment Savings –Reduce and defers costs & pretreatment req. Less Environmental Impact Less Environmental Impact –Due to less surface and subsurface withdrawals Sustained Water Quality Sustained Water Quality –New supplies can be of lesser quality

Planning for Water Efficiency Information Collection Information Collection Top management support Top management support Determine internal baselines and/or external benchmarks Determine internal baselines and/or external benchmarks Determine target areas Determine target areas Determine best available techniques and technologies -advantages & disadvantages projects Determine best available techniques and technologies -advantages & disadvantages projects Develop Action plan with timelines & responsibilities Develop Action plan with timelines & responsibilities Track & Communicate Results Track & Communicate Results

Establishing a Baseline Record incoming water and production information. Identify all points and amounts of water use (intermittent and continuous). Determine water quality requirements for each area of water use. Develop a chart of the various operations and the estimated daily water use.

Water Management Options Sanitary/Domestic Sanitary/Domestic Cooling & Heating Cooling & Heating Kitchen/Food Preparation Kitchen/Food Preparation Cleaning & Rinsing Cleaning & Rinsing Reuse Reuse Landscaping Landscaping

Sanitary/Domestic Efficiency Sanitary/Domestic Efficiency Driving Factor Energy Policy Act Toilet Retrofits Toilet Retrofits –displacement devices, flapper valve, inserts gpf Toilets 1.6 gpf Toilets –gravity, flushvalve, pressurized flush units 1.0 gpf Urinals 1.0 gpf Urinals Maintenance Checklists Maintenance Checklists

Payback for Toilet Replacements

Ensuring a Successful Toilet Replacement Project Replace highest use toilets first Replace highest use toilets first Select type carefully Select type carefully Know sewer/sanitary infrastructure Know sewer/sanitary infrastructure Base decisions on current models Base decisions on current models Educate employees toilet  trash can Educate employees toilet  trash can Check references Check references Consider noise levels Consider noise levels Plan for legal disposal/recycling options Plan for legal disposal/recycling options

Domestic/Sanitary Continued Faucets Faucets –aerators, flow restrictor, automatic & metered shut-offs –Payback yrs Showerheads Showerheads –behavior, leaks, replacements –Payback yrs Infrared/Ultrasonic Sensors Infrared/Ultrasonic Sensors Waterless Urinals Waterless Urinals

Cooling & Heating Cooling & Heating Cooling tower schematic

Cooling Tower Water Balance

blowdown (TDS or µmhos) Concentration Ratio = make-up (TDS or µmhos) Blowdown Optimization Concentration ratio is typically 2-3 Concentration ratio is typically 2-3 Can be increased to 6 or more Can be increased to 6 or more –e.g. increasing CR from 2 to 6 will saving 40% of make-up water Dependant on feedwater quality Dependant on feedwater quality –pH, TDS, alkalinity, conductivity, hardness, microorganisms Sub-metering Sub-metering Conductivity controllers Conductivity controllers

Cooling Water Treatment Sulfuric Acid Treatment Sulfuric Acid Treatment Side-stream filtration Side-stream filtration Ozone Ozone Magnets Magnets Alternative Source of Make-up Alternative Source of Make-up Work with your service contractors

Boiler Water Management Chemical metering systems Chemical metering systems Biocide selection Biocide selection Improved blowdown techniques (total dissolved solids >= 2000 ppm) Improved blowdown techniques (total dissolved solids >= 2000 ppm) Optimizing temperature requirements Optimizing temperature requirements

Kitchen & Food Prep & Dishwashers Kitchen & Food Prep & Dishwashers Behavioral Behavioral –educate staff –report leaks –run racks only when full Mechanical Mechanical –recycle final rinse water –use “electric eye” sensors on conveyor systems –use properly sized dishwashers

Dishwasher Water Use

Kitchen & Food Prep Other Water Use Option Kitchen Faucets Kitchen Faucets –leaks, aerators, pedal operated controllers Pre-rinse Sprayers Pre-rinse Sprayers –1.6 to 2.65 gpm models available Ice-making Machines Ice-making Machines –Air Cooled (<50 gal/100 lbs. ice) vs. Water Cooled ( gal/100 lbs. ice) Garbage Disposal Use Garbage Disposal Use

Cleaning and Rinsing Efficient Washing/Sanitation Techniques Cleaning and Rinsing Efficient Washing/Sanitation Techniques Conduct “Dry Cleanup” First Conduct “Dry Cleanup” First –Use squeegees, brooms, shovels, vacuums; collect residuals for reuse/recycle Low Volume - High Pressure Nozzles Low Volume - High Pressure Nozzles Air-Assisted Nozzles Air-Assisted Nozzles Flow Restrictors Flow Restrictors Automatic Shut-offs, Timers Automatic Shut-offs, Timers Proper Equipment, Technique, & Training Proper Equipment, Technique, & Training –(e.g. do not use a hose as a broom)

Other Process Water Reuse Measures Other Process Water Reuse Measures Reuse of once through, non-contact cooling water for next process bath or for pre-heat Reuse of once through, non-contact cooling water for next process bath or for pre-heat Reuse of oil/water separator filtrate for mop water or paint booth water curtains Reuse of oil/water separator filtrate for mop water or paint booth water curtains Use of reverse osmosis reject water for cooling tower make-up Use of reverse osmosis reject water for cooling tower make-up Condensate recovery & reuse Condensate recovery & reuse Other ideas? Other ideas?

Landscaping Water Efficiency Landscaping Water Efficiency Naturescaping Naturescaping –Planning & Design –Soil Analysis & Improvement –Proper Plant Selection –Practical Turf Areas –Efficient Irrigation –Use Mulches –Proper Maintenance –Watering Guidance

Remember the Typical Institutional Water Balance

The Cost of Water Units of water X $/unit (water)  Units of water X $/unit (sewerage charge ) = Your water bill

Top Water Efficiency Measures Recycle water Recycle water Improve maintenance to replace parts Improve maintenance to replace parts Use domestic water efficiency measures Use domestic water efficiency measures Change operational practices Change operational practices Adjust cooling tower blowdown Adjust cooling tower blowdown Repair leaks Repair leaks Reduce irrigation schedules Reduce irrigation schedules Adjust equipment Adjust equipment Install spray nozzles Install spray nozzles Install/replace automatic shut-offs Install/replace automatic shut-offs Reduce dishwasher loads Reduce dishwasher loads Turn off equipment when not in use Turn off equipment when not in use

What utilities do? Water Conservation Drivers –Ordinance / Stage status –“excess use” surcharges –Enforcement & Civil Penalties Negotiate

What can utility staff do? Promote Awareness Promote Awareness Media Coverage Highlighting the Champions Billing inserts Website Communications Communications –Business Roundtables –Council Sessions –“Tell us what you are doing?” on website

What can outsiders do? On-site Assistance –In-house Using Self Assessment Checklist, Data surveys, benchmarking, etc –Division of Pollution Prevention & WRP Vendors & Suppliers

Things to Remember Industry regulatory requirements: USDA, FDA, Local health requirements Industry regulatory requirements: USDA, FDA, Local health requirements Local building codes, fire safety Local building codes, fire safety EPA/State – water reuse rules, impacts to discharge EPA/State – water reuse rules, impacts to discharge Customer / Product quality expectations & requirements Customer / Product quality expectations & requirements

Things to Ask Yourself Do we have continuing senior management commitment? Do we have continuing senior management commitment? Do we have the information we need? Do we have the information we need? Have we established a team? Have we established a team? Do we have an Action Plan & schedule? Do we have an Action Plan & schedule? How are we promoting awareness? How are we promoting awareness? How are we encouraging employee/student participation? How are we encouraging employee/student participation? Are contingency plans in the works? Are contingency plans in the works?

Resources Technical Assistance & On-site Assessments Technical Assistance & On-site Assessments -NCDPPEA – Ron Pridgeon, (919) , -NCDPPEA – Ron Pridgeon, (919) , -Terry Albrecht (828) , Fact Sheets, Checklists, Manuals, Posters Fact Sheets, Checklists, Manuals, Posters NC Drought Information: NC Drought Information: State Agency Mandates: State Agency Mandates:

Checklists Office Buildings Dormitory/Group Living Operations Food Service Operations Hospitals/Medical Facilities Industrial Laundering Operations Landscaping/Irrigation Schools & bunch of Factsheets Posters Water Conservation Poster Water Conservation Workplace Tips Poster Water Conservation Message Drip Reporting Checklists and Posters

What Contingency Measures are we seeing in NC? 1. Shutting down of all restrooms, food preparation areas and water fountains. 2. Putting portable restroom facilities in use. 3. Making bottled water available to employees. 4. Drilling wells to supply water to manufacturing processes. 5. Bringing in water by tanker truck from geographical areas with more abundant water supplies. 6. Treating and recycling waste water generated by the manufacturing process back into the manufacturing process and/or cooling towers.

"When the well is dry, we know the worth of water." --Benjamin Franklin