Response and Results of British Imperialism in India

2 The Sepoy Mutiny- The First Indian Rebellion Sepoy: Indian soldier in the British East India Company’s army Mutiny: Rebellion against the authorities Mangal Pandey: Sepoy and leader of rebellion

3 What caused the Sepoy Mutiny? Sepoys rebelled when they were forced to use a rifle that required them to bite the cartridge. The cartridge was greased in pig/cow fat and the Sepoys were against it for religious reasons.

4 What happened during the Sepoy Mutiny? 1.What happened during the Sepoy Mutiny? 2.What happened to Mangal Pandey after the Sepoy Mutiny? 3.What happened to India after the Sepoy Mutiny?

5 How were the British and the India perspectives on this different? A Indian villa after the slaughter of 2,000 rebels by the British British painting called Attack of the Mutineers

6 How did Great Britain describe the Sepoy Mutiny? The following excerpt is from a British women’s magazine: We hear with pain, but not perhaps with horror, of the deaths of our brave officers and soldiers slain by the mutineers, for it is the soldier’s business to confront death in all its shapes; but when we read of the atrocities committed upon our women and children the heart of England is stirred; and the sorrow for their fate, great as it is, is overshadowed by the execration which we feel for their unmanly assassins, and by the grim determination that Justice, full and unwavering, shall be done upon them. - Illustrated London News, September 5, 1857

7 How did India describe the Sepoy Rebellion? The English began entering the city and shooting down every man that they saw and setting fire to houses. They first commenced burning and killing in the Halvaipura quarter. They sought out males from the age of five to the age of eighty and killed them.... Thousands of white soldiers entered the city from all sides and commenced massacring people. The terror in the city at this time was immeasurable. The screaming and crying was endless. - Vishnubhat Godse a sepoy who was inside the rebel fort at Jhansi.

Indian Nationalism Grows By the mid-1800s, Indian nationalism began to spread across the country Well-educated Indians who learned about democracy and nationalism in British schools resented British rule In 1885 the Indian National Congress formed to work towards Indian independence 8 Nationalism = pride in your country

World War I Increases Indian Nationalism During World War I, the British government promised to give India self-government if they served in the British army However, in 1919 when Indian troops returned home there were no changes in government Worst of all, the British passed the Rowlatt Act which made it illegal to protest the British government 9 Indian soldiers fighting for Britain in WWI

10 Amritsar Massacre To protest the Rowlatt Act, over 10,000 Indians gathered in Amritsar in Punjab (India’s capital) Alarmed by the gathering, British General Reginald Dryer ordered his troops to open fire on the crowd. –Over 400 were killed, over 1,000 were wounded –Furious, more Indians demanded Indian independence Amritsar Massacre

11 Mohandas K. Gandhi Mohandas K. Gandhi emerged as a leader for Indian Independence after the massacre A lawyer who studied in London and practiced law in South Africa, Gandhi fought for Indian rights using ideas from all world religions (Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam) Gandhi practiced civil disobedience (non-violent resistance) Specifically, Gandhi encouraged Indians to: –Refuse to buy British goods –Refuse to attend government schools –Refuse to pay British taxes or vote in British elections

12 Indian Independence Movement Throughout 1920, thousands of Indians were arrested for participating in strikes and demonstrations –The British economy weakened (factories struggles, prisons were bursting)

13 Salt March In 1930, Gandhi organized a Salt March in response to a British law that Indians could only buy salt from the British government. Gandhi and his followers walked 240 miles to the sea and made their own salt. The British responded violently, and news spread world-wide in support of Gandhi’s peaceful independence movement Gandhi and followers during the Salt March

14 Great Britain Grants India Self-Rule Gandhi and his followers were finally successful. –In 1935, the British government gave India local self-government and democratic elections

15 The Partition

16 INDEPENDENCE!! What did all Indians ultimately want?

17 Problem: Who will rule India: Hindus or Muslims?

18 What does this picture show you about India? What do you think it’s trying to say?

19 Solution? Partition = Division 1947 Division of India into separate nations:  India (for Hindus) and Pakistan (for Muslims).

20 India Pakistan

21 How did Partition Occur? Everything had to separate, including the military, the railways, the policy, native princes. 10 million people began to migrate  VIOLENCE erupted!

22

23 How did Partition Occur? Rioting of Muslims and Hindus broke out against one another and more than 5,000 people died and over 15,000 were hurt. More than 500 local towns had to decide which nation they would join  10 million refugees were on the move. Muslims killed Sikhs and Hindus who were moving to India, Hindus killed Muslims who were moving to Pakistan.

24

25 How did Partition Occur? In the end, 1 million people died. Many blamed the violence on the poor management of the British. Gandhi was saddened by this terrible violence – it was not what he had hoped for his country. He, himself, became a victim. He was shot in 1948 by a Hindu extremist, who thought he was too forgiving to Muslims.

26

27 What are the positive and negative legacies of the partition? 1.Political Violence! (About a million people died during the partition) 2.Social divisions: People who lived side by side now became enemies 3.Economic suffering of both countries (specially Pakistan  not industrialized!) 4.Long-term conflict over Kashmir! and NUCLEAR weapons 1. Prevented a civil war or even a genocide (ethnic cleansing) against the Muslims 2. Protected each country’s culture, pride, and religion POSITIVE NEGATIVE