Unit 2 – The Cell Chapter 11~ Cell Communication.

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Unit 2 – The Cell Chapter 11~ Cell Communication

Signal-transduction pathway Def: Signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specific cellular response Local signaling (short distance): √ Paracrine (growth factors) √ Synaptic (neurotransmitters) Long distance: hormones

Stages of cell signaling Sutherland (‘71) Glycogen depolymerization by epinephrine 3 steps: •Reception: target cell detection •Transduction: single-step or series of changes •Response: triggering of a specific cellular response

Protein phosphorylation Protein activity regulation Adding phosphate from ATP to a protein (activates proteins) Enzyme: protein kinases (1% of all our genes) Example: cell reproduction Reversal enzyme: protein phosphatases

Second messengers Non-protein signaling pathway ( Example: cyclic AMP (cAMP) Ex: Glycogen breakdown with epinephrine Enzyme: adenylyl cyclase G-protein-linked receptor in membrane (guanosine di- or tri- phosphate)

Cellular responses to signals Cytoplasmic activity regulation Cell metabolism regulation Nuclear transcription regulation

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