Nervous system 1.

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Nervous system 1

Nervous system ■ is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates activities of the body ■ regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli ■ has three main functions, sensory input, integration of data and motor output ■ is composed of excitable nerve cells ■ conducts nerve impulses ■ is divided into two categories: the central nervous system- CNS and the peripheral nervous system - PNS ■ the basic structural and functional unit - neuron ■ cells providing support and protection for neurons – glial cells 2

Neuron ■ receives stimuli ■ transforms stimuli to nerve impulses ■ conducts nerve impulses ■ processes information ■ transmits the electro- chemical signal across a synapse 3

Myelinization oligodendroglia unmyelinated axon Schwann cell Schwann cell nucleus Ranvier node oligodendroglia 4

Basic function of NS - reflex Sensor CNS Effector 5

Interneuron Muscle Skin 6

Development of NS ■ from ectoderm (under influence of the notochord) arises the neural: plate groove 3.w i.u. tube + neural crest 7

Parts derived from the neural tube brain spinal cord Parts derived from the neural crest cranial nerve ganglia dorsal root and autonomic ganglia medulla of the suprarenal gland some bones, cartilage and connective tissue of the head pigment cells ... 8

Cerebral vesicles from the rostral part of the neural tube 3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain) 2. mesencephalon (midbrain) 1. prosencephalon (forebrain) 3. 2. 1. Spinal cord medulla spinalis 9

Secondary vesicles 3. 2. 1. myelencephalon medulla oblongata metencephalon pons, cerebellum mesencephalon midbrain diencephalon diencephalon telencephalon telencephalon 3. 2. 1. 10

dorsal root DRG A A B B ventral root Spinal nerve skin muscle 11

SENSOR EFFECTOR CNS PNS Surface of the body Extero receptors Skeletal muscles CNS Organs of motions Proprio receptors Efferent Afferent Smooth muscles + myocardium PNS Viscera Intero receptors Glands Senses 12

Functional types of axons SENSOR EFFECTOR Somato + branchio- motor (SM) (BM) Extero- receptors Proprio- receptors Somato- sensory (SS) Skeletal muscles CNS Viscero- sensory (VS) Intero- receptors Smooth muscles and myocardium Viscero- motor (VM) Senses Sensory (S) Glands 13

PNS Cranial nerves III. - XII. (I.- XII.) Spinal nerves - 31 pairs pass through the skull base Spinal nerves - 31 pairs pass through the intervertebral foramina 14

CNS I. Brain II. Spinal cord ■ medulla oblongata ■ pons ■ mesencephalon ■ cerebellum ■ diencephalon ■ telencephalon II. Spinal cord 15

Structure of the CNS Gray matter - nuclei White matter – nerve tracts: - tractus - fasciculus (lemniscus) 16

Spinal cord ■ transmission of neural signals between the brain and the periphery ■ contains neural circuits that can control numerous reflexes and central pattern generators independently on the cortex 17

Dorsal root Spinal nerve Ventral root extero + proprio + intero- receptors Spinal nerve skeletal + smooth muscles + glands Ventral root 18

Functional zones of the spinal cord Extero+ proprio - receptors Intero - receptors GSA Alar plate GVA Sulcus limitans Basal plate GVE GSE Smoot muscles, glands Skeletal muscles 19

Dorsal horn Ventral horn p. sacralis p. cervicalis p. thoracica

Gray matter White matter DORSAL HORN – afferent neurons CC FR Th1- L2 DORSAL HORN – afferent neurons SUBST. INTERMEDIA (lateral horn) motoneurons of the ANS VENTRAL HORN - motoneurons White matter Funiculus post. (fasc. gracilis et cuneatus) Funiculus ant. Funiculus lat. F. anterolateralis 21

Functional zones in the spinal cord GVE zone GSA GVA T1 - L2 - preganglionic sympathetic neurons below L2 - preganglionic parasympathetic neurons Upozornit na nové barvení VM – musí být zelená – parasympatikus či žlutá – sympatikus (zahraniční literatura) sympatikus – jádro v rozsahu Th1-L2 Pod L2= parasympatikus Měl by tady být i FLM (obsahuje vlákna jdoucí z Ve jader, spojené se spinálními motoneurony a s neurony hlavových nervů). Silně myelinizované aferentní axony SG jsou lokalizovány v zadních kořenech mediálně. Vedou inf. o diskriminačním kožním čití a propriorecepci. Po vstupu vydávají ascendentní a descendentní kolaterály. Ascendentní tvoří f. gracilis et cuneatus. Laterálně jdou málo myelinizované a nemyelinizované aferentní axony, které vedou převážně nociceptivní informace a informace o teple a chladu. Tyto axony vstupují do tr. dorsolateralis (Lissaueri), kde se také dělí na ascendentní a descendentní větve a končí na neuronech zadnícho rohu míšního. Sestupné dráhy = řízení motoriky Tr. co-sp Tr. re, ru, ve, te-spinalis GVE GSE 22

α,  Ncl. intermedio-lat. Multipolar cells Ncll. motorii Ventral root tr. co-sp lat tr. ru-sp Ncl. intermedio-lat. Multipolar cells tr. re-sp α,  Ncll. motorii tr. ol-sp tr. te-sp tr. ve-sp Ventral root tr. co-sp ant 23

Radix dorsalis Tr. dorsolateralis Lissaueri Ncl. posteromarginalis + Pseudounipol. neurons of the DRG Radix dorsalis Tr. dorsolateralis Lissaueri Ncl. posteromarginalis + Subst. gelatinosa Rolandi Tr. spino- bulbaris Fasc. gracilis Fasc. cuneatus Ncl. proprius Ncl. thoracicus (Stilling-Clark.) Tr. spinocerebellaris post. Ncl. intermediomedialis Tr. spinocerebellaris ant. Tr. spino-thalamicus, -reticularis, -tectalis Tr. spino-olivaris

dorsal root ventral root tr. sp-bulb ncl apicalis subst gel Rolandi GSA GVA GVE GSE tr. sp-bulb ncl apicalis subst gel Rolandi ncl proprius tr. co-sp lat ncl thoracicus tr. ru-sp tr. sp-cer ant, post ncl intermed-med Ncl. apicalis interneurony propojující segmenty míšní ascendentně a descendentně Subst. gelatinosa Rolandi- vrstva šedé hmoty tvořena nakupením drobných interneuronů. Významným způsobem ovlivňují aferentní informace vstupující do míchy. Ncl. proprius – končí zde aferentní axony přenášející informaci o hrubé kožní citlivosti, teple a chladu. Ncl. thoracicus – končí zde aferentní axony převádějící proprioceptivní informace z DK a kaudální části trupu Ncl. intermediomedialis – končí zde aferentní axony převádějící informace z viscerálních orgánů (mechanické, teplo, bolest) Odtud do FR nebo na ncl. intermediolateralis Ncl. intermediolateralis – neurony vydávají pregangliová sympatická vlákna probíhající ve ventrálních kořenech spinálních nervů Ncl. motorii – obsahují alfa a gama motoneurony. Jsou somatotopicky uspořádány FR – soubor neuronů, interneuronů a jejich spojení. V míše omezený rozsah ncl intermedio-lat tr. sp-th, tec, ret tr. sp-sp tr. re-sp ncll motorii tr. te-sp tr. ol-sp tr. ve-sp tr. co-sp ant ventral root 25